Similarities Between Mayans And Ancient Cultures - 881 Words

Mayans are probably best known for their prediction of the world’s end in 2012 or their other various predictions of what might take place in today’s culture; some of which have come true some of which have not. The Mayans were certainly a very intelligent and interesting culture. From their belief in multiple gods to their practices of human sacrifice the Mayans took their beliefs and their religion very seriously. Mayan religion revolved around astronomy, nature and rituals. Like many other ancient cultures, the Mayans believed in gods that were symbolized by things like the sun, moon, stars and other natural elements. Religious practices were extremely important to the Mayans. They even went as far as to offer human sacrifices to the gods. Mayan land was divided into segments called polities or city-states. Sometimes the interactions between polities were civil and at other times it was violent. It was during these violent times that polities would capture people fro m other polities. These prisoners were either used as slaves or if they were of a high status they were used for human sacrifice. These human sacrifices were â€Å"deemed necessary to sanctify certain ritual occasions, such as the ascendancy to the throne by a new ruler or the dedication of a new building† (Smith). Basic human sacrifices consisted of public decapitation in the form of a celebration. It was particularly exciting if the ruler of another polity was captured and sacrificed. After the humans wereShow MoreRelatedEssay on Popol Vuh vs. Gilgamesh861 Words   |  4 Pagesmany similarities, themes characters ect. I personally would not call the two texts similar. In my opinion for two texts to be similar they must poses similar general themes that apply to the entire text, not small themes that only apply to portions of the text. In other words I believe that two texts can have similar events, yet have completely different meanings. Popol Vuh and Gilgamesh actually had more similarities than dissimilarities, but it is the significance of those similarities, notRead MoreSimilarities Between Civilizations And Civilizations958 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout history there have been similarities between civilizations, some of which were on separate parts of the world. Many scholars and historians have been baffled by the discoveries of these similarities due to the fact that these cultures were not only hundreds of miles apart but also were separated by hundreds of years. The ancient Egyptian civilization located in northern Africa around 3,100 B.C. is considered to be one of the cradles of civilization and also a major contributor to theRead MoreHistory: Spanish Colonization of the Americas and Spanish Conquest1021 Words   |  5 PagesThe Conquest and Colonization of the Caribbean and Yucatan by European, Resulted in significant cultural, biological environmental changes to both regions Maggie Jim Professor Ancient History [Date] 1. Briefly discuss (but in detail) the similarities/differences between the initial Spanish colonization of the Caribbean and the Yucatan. In your discussion include the initial reaction of the Taino and Maya to the presence of the Spanish and the rationalRead MoreHistory: Spanish Colonization of the Americas and Spanish Conquest1021 Words   |  5 PagesThe Conquest and Colonization of the Caribbean and Yucatan by European, Resulted in significant cultural, biological environmental changes to both regions Maggie Jim Professor Ancient History [Date] 1. Briefly discuss (but in detail) the similarities/differences between the initial Spanish colonization of the Caribbean and the Yucatan. In your discussion include the initial reaction of the Taino and Maya to the presence of the Spanish and the rationalRead MoreSimilarities Of The Mayan Civilization1102 Words   |  5 PagesDespite bearing some minor similarities the difference between Mayan artwork like the Cylindrical vessel with ritual ballgame scene and Pablo Picasso’s Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon are pronounced. The best way to understand the Mayan is to have some historical information about them. The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization from around 2000 BCE to 1500 CE. This civilization developed in areas like Guatemala, Belize, Mexico, Yucatà ¡n Peninsula, western El Salvador and Honduras. Ritual, religionRead MoreHuman Sacrifice And The Gods Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pagesto offer it to the gods.â€Å" The occurrence of human sacrifice can usually be related to the recognition of human blood as the sacred life force†(â€Å"Human Sacrificing†). The thought of human sacrificing may seem inhuman or uncivilized; however, in the ancient times, it was considered a prayer for better times. Human sacrificing was not only a ritual act to earn a god s favor, but also for a greater cause. Usually people would benefit luck, fertility for the land, and to win a war. Although, there’s evidenceRead MoreThe Origins Of The Ancient Civilization1308 Words   |  6 Pag esdisappearing? That is what happened to the Mayans. In a time span of only one hundred years, the whole Maya population was wiped out. There are several theories about the cause of their decline. Due to their disappearance the great Mayan inventions were lost in time until modern day anthropologists discovered that they made their own calendar and language along with many other things. What anthropologists do know for sure is that the Mayans were an ancient Mesoamerican civilization dating back to 250Read MoreThe Ancient Civilization1622 Words   |  7 PagesThe Mayans has always existed through the telling of their ritualistic practices or their calendar, but the fall of such an advanced civilization is perhaps the most intriguing story of all.To understand what causes great civilizations, it is vital to note the process of collapse in other civilizations, such as the great Roman Empire. Differences in time period, geographical landscapes, and other circumstances mean no direct correlations are possible, but the outstanding point of similarity is thatRead MoreThe History of Zero: Indian and Mayan Cultures726 Words   |  3 PagesZero is usually recognized today as being originated in two geographically separated cultures: the Maya and Indian. If zero was a place-holder symbol, then such a zero was present in the Babylonian positional number system before the fi rst recorded occurrence of the Indian zero. If zero was represented by an empty space within a well-defined positional number system, such a zero was present in Chinese mathematics a few centuries before the beginning of the Common Era. The absence of a symbol forRead MoreAztec Calendar Stone Essay examples1599 Words   |  7 PagesObtaining the knowledge that was passed down to them from earlier Mesoamerican cultures, the Aztecs carved the calendar stone in 1479 (Smith 253). At the time, the Aztecs lived in a very civilized world filled with amazing architecture, an impressively complex government system, and they also employed intricate systems of writing and calendric systems (Taube 7). The Calendar Stone was made by basalt stone. For the Aztecs, everything was pictorial in nature around this era. The calendar stone depicted

Ummary Of The Issues In The DHB Industries - 990 Words

Summary of the issues in the DHB Industries, Inc. case study. Background: DHB Industries, Inc. (DHBI) case study concerns an accounting and financial reporting fraud. DHBI made protective body armour for the US military. The former CEO of DHBI, David Brooks (DB), misrepresented DHBIs financial statements, mislead the independent auditors in order to conceal his fraudulent transactions and he misappropriated DHBIs assets and funds for personal expenditures. Main Issues: (1) Weak corporate governance and lack of internal accounting and financial reporting control. DHBIs lack of internal control helped DB to manipulate DHBIs profits. DBs intervention in the preparation of financial reports was beyond the Earning Management. DB†¦show more content†¦His business of making safety vests lacked safety standards and he did all the unethical business practice selfishly. Weak Internal Control From the above example it is clear that Brook controlled DHB solely and without any interference from any one. He had few of the employees as his allies in the wrongdoings. If anyone tried to interfere then they were threatened or were thrown out of the organisation. The Related Party Scheme Brooks also concealed the related party status of Tactical Armor Products (TAP), a company supposedly run independently of DHB by Brooks’ wife but in fact wholly controlled by Brooks. To conceal the scheme and deceive auditors and investors, Brooks created fraudulent multi-million dollar transactions and doctored internal DHB documents. The Accounting Frauds Brooks also engaged in accounting fraud schemes designed to increase the net income and profits that DHB reported in its press releases and filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) by falsely inflating the value of DHB’s existing inventory, adding non-existent inventory to the company’s books and records, and fraudulently reclassifying expenses. Lying to Auditors and Obstruction of Justice Brooks attempted to cover up several of the schemes by obstructing the flow of proper information to the audit process. Brooks and others submitted false reports to auditors and even

Get International Business Law Assignment from Law experts

Question 1 The International business law is concerned with the rights of business with each other and with international organizations. Domestic law is within the state and it concern with the rights of business within the state(Bartone, 2010). The domestic and international business law is very differing in mainly two aspects first of all the law making process and the enforcement. International law is an ever expanding field that controls the internal dealing of the business. Public and private international laws are the two components of the international law. The internal laws have some curious features like legislative, executive and judicial process. These elements find their approximate analogue in the international law(Bingham, 2010). The international law is a component of domestic and municipal legal system. International law participates in the growth of the business organization. Furthermore, it can be conclude that the international law is relevant to the exercise of domestic juri sdiction(DiMatteo, n.d.). Question 2 In the fundamental principles of Islamic commerce riba is prohibited and translated as interest and extra gain from the transaction. This principle highly affects the transactional dynamics of international contracts that is under Islamic law kg nd . In the western countries the bank provided loan to the customers in a condition that they will revert back the money with the appropriate interest. Therefore, the additional transaction is added in these particular transactions in terms of value of money and value of service. These kinds of financial transactions are prohibited as riba in the Islamic law. The payment and received of interest riba is strictly prohibited in Islamic justice. The prohibition of ribs is mainly applicable for the Muslim communities(Ansari, 2007). The word riba is derived from the rabic verb raba that means grow above. The principle prohibition of riba has several applications in the Islamic jurisprudence. In some Muslim countries the application of riba is legal like in the Untied Arab emirates it is legal but in Iran it is illegal. But in the case of banking sectors it is observed that the Iranian bank receives interest from the foreign transaction(Ferrari, 2008). The banks also paid interest; in this case the name of prohibition is changed from interest to profit. However the due to the globalization in the international market the concept of riba is only applicable when one of the parties are included in the Islamic law jurisdiction and the understanding of transactional dynamics of commercial transaction will be a extraordinary tool for the growth of the business in the Islamic countries kg nd , 2010). Question 3 A) In this specific case the shipping contract between the Armada (Singapore) and Gujarat NRE Coke Limited (Gujarat). An arbitration clause is consists in the contract, according to the clause any kind of disputes will be determined by three commercial men who are members of the Institute of Arbitrators in London. Therefore the rmada and Gujarat appointed two parties and these two parties will choose the third. According to the jurisdiction three awards were made by the arbitral tribunal for the consequences of hearings(Fontaine and De Ly, 2009). The first award awards deals with the jurisdiction of the arbitration tribunal and relying on the Arbitration Act 1996(UK Act) and it had a relevant jurisdictions. The tribunal is dismissed due to the Gujarat claim that is the two arbitrators appointed by the rmada is not commercial men. According to the arbitration clause the claim was produced not in time under the UK Act. The second award deals with the identification that Gujarat had bre ached the shipping contract or not and then how the damages will be assessed(Gray, 2012). According to tribunal Gujarat was in breach of the contract and smartly outlined the basis of the calculation damages methods. Finally the third award is about the damages awarded to Armada. After that the Armada commenced proceedings in the Federal court of Australia to enforce the there arbitral awards in Australia. B) There are several basic issues were illustrated in this section, Gujarat registered enforcement regarding all the three awards on the basis of five grounds(Heidemann, 2007). First of all the two arbitrators appointed by the rmada and Gujarat were not commercial men. Then the court decided according to the section 9 of the international Arbitration Act 1974 (Cth) was not applicable because the tribunal was not operating under the arbitration agreement. Therefore, the major basis ground is not available for the both companies. s they are not commercial men so the tribunal composition is not appropriate under the agreement that is required under section 8(5) (e) of the particular Act. Accordingly, the second award is not binding because it is referred to the future damages when the damages are not suffered by the company. The components of future damages made the enforcement of second award contrary to public policy (section 8) and most importantly the contract is regarding the sea c arriage document under the section 11 of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1991 (Cth) so the arbitration clause will not make any affect in this particular context(Janssen and Meyer, 2009). The federal court identified the results in favor of rmadas application established to a level that the three awards that express the binding upon Armada and Gujarat vary in all purpose. Gujarat has to make one of the important grounds indicated in the s 8(5) (e) and (f) because the subsection relied on by the specific party. The few grounds are made by the court first of all are lawyers commercial men it is included in the ground one and two. s because of the two arbitrators are not commercial men then the tribunal composition is not supported by the agreements(Knapp, Crystal and Prince, 1999). While submitting the arguments Gujarat relied on the section 8 of the IIA that outlined the recognition of the awards and in the section 9 that particularly indicates the evidence of awards and arbitration agreements. There the main issue is identified about the arbitrators appoint and the tribunal constitution. The court has the power to determine the cases of jurisdiction for itself and als o not bound to follow any kinds of findings of the arbitrators. The evidence from the correspondence between Gujarat and Armada states that the parties are agreed to appointment of the two arbitrators then Gujarat waives its right objects consequently(Li, 2013). Gujarat does not stop from challenging the appointment. The another important issue that is under the three and four grounds that is the future contractual damages contrary to public policy and it is found that Armada claim for the contractual damage is premature. The proper opportunity is given to the Armada that originates the application to enforce the additional awards after making the judgment. Therefore, the second awards do not deal with the future damages of the particular company. Finally the ground five deals with Carriage of goods by sea Act. In this section the results is identified that the arbitration clause remained valid(Magnus, 2012). Therefore, these are the various principles are relied upon the court on t he basis of five grounds. C) There are various freezing orders are made by the Foster J in May 2012. After that the orders retaining Gujarat from changing, disposing, dealing with the significant value of the shareholders in the capital of Gujarat NRE limited, which will remain a related corporation until further order is provide by the court(Mitchell and Powell, 2011). Foster J also states that Gujarat fails to make a specific case in support of the variation it sought. Another important and critical command is provide by the Foster J that the variation application only faintly pressed at [7 ] . The decision made by the federal court is encouraging among the international parties involved in the business entire Australia. The approach is selected for this particular case is pro-arbitration. This pro-arbitration approach is highly appreciated in Supreme Court. Furthermore, the Federal court made decision in favor of Armada application and three applications also enforce for the arbitration awards in Australia (Monahan, Young and Finlay, 2006). It was a reminder for the contracting parties that Australian courts will go with the arbitration agreements and will enforce awards, which made under the agreements. Question 4 A) Able Ltd has to follow several law issues regarding the sales contact in the US. The CISG can be followed for the law of the contract. Trade regulations, customs and standards must be maintained by the company to make an effective import business to the United States(Parker, 2007). The shipping company must be selected by the company and it is depends upon the several factors the specialization in the shipping of the particular materials but in recent days most of all the ships are available with the different size and shapes of cargoes. For the import of the mining equipments the special arrangement of the cargo is required. The export control is conducted under the military surveillance in the United States. The Export control Act. And the Export administration Act is applicable for importing the mining products(Picken, 2011). It is not a major requirement to analyze the laws and regulation before implementing an excellent business plan. General provision Article 1 a. In this part the international character and need is promoted uniformly in its application that will indicate the better faith in international trade. b. The general principles are enforcing in this particular area for the conformation for the applicable law in this purpose(Rothwell, 2011). Article 2 a. The intention of the partys understate in this area to determine the statements made by these parties. b. According to the provision one party is responsible for the required performance of any kinds of obligation by the other party(Sheehan, Rhoades and Stanley, 2012). The court is not bound to provide a judgment for the specific performance unless a significant law is applicable in order to similar contract of sale not govern by this convention. Article 3 a. The contract may be modified by the mutual agreement of the parties. b. A party can precluded by his performance from asserting such a provision to that particular extent that the another party has relied on that specific contract(Sullivan and Bell, 2009). Final provision Article 4 The Secretary General of the United Nations is assigned as the depository for this particular convention. Article 5 This specific convention will be applicable over this international agreement between the Able Ltd. And the supplier company in the United States. In this provision the parties will have their particular path of doing the business(Vardhan and Bayar, 2014). Article 6 a. In this convention a meeting will be conducted in the United States for the international sale of mining equipment and it will remain open for the signature by all states head quarters within the given deadline by the court. b. According to the constitution different kinds of laws are applicable for the matters dealt with this particular convention(Vrachnas, 2007). The conventions permit several declarations in order to make an effective business by maintain the rules and regulation of the United States. It is evident from the study that different kinds of law are available for the particular state therefore; depending upon the supplier state the law will be relied by the court.Furthermore, the court may declare they do not have any obligation of the buyer and the seller that is Able Ltd. And the US company(Wang and Zhang, 2012). It is possible to include CISG under the US law contract particularly in this specific case where two parties are doing business form the different States. The article 95 for the reservation and power can be applicable for this particular case. CISG applies in the contract of sales of goods and here the mining equipments are supplied to the bler Ltd. and the transaction is performing between the States(Bartone, 2010). The CISG is significant for the taxation and it brings closest relationship to the contracts and its performance. But it also has to keep in mind that CISG is not applicable for the significant parties whom does not aware about the different places of the business. As the contract is starting by governing the laws and regulations of the United States therefore, it can be applicable because due to the presence of the governing body the CISG can easily applicable. It is evident from the study that CISG is a part and parcel of contracting domestic laws between the two Stat es. In conducting international commerce the principles of parties autonomy is provided by the drafters(Bingham, 2010). B) Arbitration is a form of private binding, in which dispute resolution are conducted. With the help of this resolution they are emanates an agreement in between two parties. This type of agreement from the parties are regulated and enforced by the state. In Australia there are so many states have some requirements to make a contract of arbitrate obligation(DiMatteo, n.d.). This contract will provide a limited judicial supervision of arbitral proceedings and some support elements of arbitral awards. Sometimes this law has played an alternative dispute resolution to specify a legal alternative litigation in between two parties or two states. In this disputes both the parties are agreed to submit their respective positions for resolution. In this case parties must be considered about the arbitration contract. However, it is so important to do so where the both parties including their property are engaged in this type of arbitration. The lowers have some steps to place the futures by which they can provide a conclusive decision process towards the top of arbitration contract. This arbitration has some necessary process in which they can determine the contractual process(Ferrari, 2008). They are enforceability of conventions. In this process both the parties are enforcing arbitrating awards among worldwide for court judgement. There are so much little point to obtain a judgement from court by which they cannot enforced against suitable access of arbitration. The most important enforcement convention in Australia was held in the year of 1978. Being Able Ltd is a large importer in Queensland, so the choice of arbitration is formed in favour of this company. Another process is neutrality in which any party has made a valid contract to avoid resolving disputes through local courts of another party. In this type of arbitration the opportunities f or neutral resolution are applied with the help of international rules(Fontaine and De Ly, 2009). This rules are placed in a mutually venue to support the court judgement. There are no such type of wide-ranging arbitration convention are available to provide an enforcement of court judgments. Arbitration makes so many opportunities for dispute resolution in where both parties do not reach to make an agreement in advance. So in this type of agreement a greater risk are available over procedure to lead the delays. Now the choice of arbitration hasmade a change for the parties. Most developer has developed an arbitration laws to fulfil the agreement in between both parties. This law are required for all arbitrators term and condition. The parties to arbitration usually appoint, nominate or at least have some input into the selection of the arbitrator. During the revolution of industrial organization there are so many large companies has opposed this type of policy. Able Ltd can use the ir choice to make agreements with US government. They can also put the selection process to help the agreement system more perfect. Both the parties are usually seeking advice from their lawyers to sustain a suitable arbitrator form(Gray, 2012). The major arbitration rules are combined with so many national laws. These laws are providing some important methods for the appointment of the tribunal. This agreement has made in default agreement in between two parties. So Able Ltd importer has made a full payment to shipment under the US law. c) An international arbitration law is essential for an international mechanism in which Able importer has selected the Queensland law to settle the contract disputes. Now sae arbitration is repeated and there are no fixed rules or procedures are followed to change the international mechanism. With the help of international mechanism a matrix is formed, in which the matrix has affected variation of arbitration(Hopkins, 2009). Being dependent upon this quality and agreementof arbitration a procedure is formed in between the parties. This procedure has followed the terms and condition in between two states to refer a dispute arbitration rejection in many cases about law procedure. The simple agreement in between the two parties has referred some disputes about arbitration law in Queensland. This is a positive rejection from the national courts to produce procedure national law. Both thesefactors are directly controlled through a party autonomy. With the help of this choice all arbitration one party can make his own decision in between the two countries. The effect of party autonomy has achieved a major acceptation in worldwide in favor of dispute arbitration. This type of mechanism is resolving so many disputes from international transactions(Janssen and Meyer, 20 09). With the help of this transactions both the parries have been influenced the development and practices for internal arbitration laws. The right party has right choice to determine all aspects o about an arbitration system. This system is unquestioned in so many cases. With the help of these principle factors both parties are directly influenced to an international arbitration practice and this law has directly influenced the practice of judgmental decision of court. Able Ltd has also established the system to ensure maximum possibility of an enforceability of arbitration awards. The most significant affect has been approached to these awards, practices and policies. In some other cases, these influences are coming from a national law in which they are controlled by the parties(Knapp, Crystal and Prince, 1999).This practice is illustrated through an international award through which individual laws are affected. This project has many individuals completion. Australia is a partic ipant of arbitration law for both the New YorkConventionand Model Law.This is done throughan international arbitration act in between these two states. The enforceability of arbitral awards may be enforced in these factors to retain the utility and success of international commercial arbitration. More specifically, the enforceability from a foreign arbitral has some standard awards in Australia. They are likely a part of international commercial arbitration, in which many resolution mechanisms are coming in form of international commerce and trade(Li, 2013). So the judgement of Queensland arbitration award would recognisea force under the US legal system.

Symbol in 1984 free essay sample

Orwell truly demonstrates his literacy prowess and his mastery of rhetoric in his dystopian novel 1984 through his use of symbolism. There are numerous symbols present throughout the story which serve to expand the narrative. Some of the most effective implementations of symbolism in the novel directly relate to the story’s protagonist, Winston Smith. Orwell uses Winton’s varicose ulcer, the glass paperweight, songs and the rats as representations for Winton’s needs, wants, hopes and fears. Winston Smith lives in a world where individual thoughts and sexual instincts are forbidden. The varicose ulcer appears to symbolize Winston’s need to express his individualism as well as his need to fulfill his sexual desires. Both of these actions relate to Winston’s impulses and therefore it can be said that the varicose ulcer ultimately represents Winston’s needs. This symbol is introduced to us on the very first page of the book, moments prior to Winston’s first decisive act of rebellion: the creation of a diary. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbol in 1984 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After dating the first page however, Winston is struck with a sense of helplessness as he finds himself unable to express himself. At this moment, the varicose ulcer begins to itch unbearably and Winston is overcome by the impulse to express himself and starts scribbling in the diary. This is but one example of a scenario from the book where Winston’s varicose ulcer had begun to trouble him prior to him committing an irrational or impulsive act against the Party. Other examples include: Winston’s second diary entry and his trip to the proletariat bar and Mr.Charrington’s shop. In all of these cases Winston was overcome by the need to act against the Party, whether it was directly or indirectly. The varicose ulcer also relates directly to Winston’s suppressed sexual desires and his need to fulfill them. After he started seeing Julia regularly his wound improved, yet became engorged once they were separated. During his reformation the Party all but eradicated Winston’s individuality as well as his sexual desires. Coincidentally, Winston’s varicose ulcer ceased to be a problem. The varicose ulcer only became problematic when Winston suppressed his needs, regardless of whether it was the need to express his individuality or the need to fulfill his sexual desires. The most obvious symbol in the novel is the glass paperweight, which represents Winston’s desires. The reason for this is due to the fact that Winston considers this item to be a representation of the room above Mr. Charrington’s shop and frequently alludes to this analogy. In the novel he comments that â€Å"the paperweight was the room he was in, and the coral was Julias life and his own, fixed in a sort of eternity at the heart of the crystal. This stems from Winston’s desire to live in a world without the Party with Julia. In accordance with this symbolism, when Winston and Julia are finally arrested by the Thought Police, the paperweight is shattered on the floor. The paperweight also symbolizes Winston’s desire to reconnect with the past, or the â€Å"olden time† as he calls it. In the world of 1984, the Party falsifies the past in order to control its citizens. This tactic is summarized by the Party slogan: â€Å"Who controls the past, controls the future: who controls the present controls the past. For Winston, anything that contradicted or challenged the Party’s assertions was beautiful. In the book he comments to Julia that: â€Å"Its a little chunk of history that theyve forgotten to alter. Its a message from a hundred years ago, if one knew how to read it. † Thus the shattering of the paperweight ultimately represented Winston’s failure to defeat or escape the Party. Several songs are presented to the reader throughout the novel, yet only a few of these are considered to be harmonious and therefore musical. For example, Winston found that the Party’s propaganda music resembled war cries and commented that the Hate Song â€Å"had a savage, barking rhythm which could not exactly be called music, but resembled the beating of a drum. † But when Winston hears this same propaganda music sung by the red-armed prole, he finds the music enchanting and beautiful. Another instance where Winston shows appreciation for music is in the meadow, when listening to the thrush singing in the trees. In both of these cases, the music fills Winston with a sense of hope for the future. This is because Winston associates both of these songs with vitality and resiliency, traits which he believes will ultimately lead the proles to overthrow the Party one day. When listening to the red-armed prole woman from above Mr. Charrington’s shop, Winston theorized that the proles would rebel against the Party one day, and that until then they would â€Å"like birds, [pass] on from body to body the vitality which the Party did not share and could not kill. † Thus it can be said that the songs ultimately represented Winston’s hopes for the future. One of the most important symbols presented to us in the novel are the rats. This is because not only do they play an essential role in the climax of the story, but they are also used for the purpose of foreshadowing by the writer. In the novel, Winston made reference to a reoccurring nightmare he suffered from, where â€Å"something unendurable† waited on the other side of a wall of darkness. Winston acknowledges at this time, in a roundabout fashion, that the rats are what are waited for him on the other side. This is all a foreshadowing of the events that would eventually take place in Room 101, where Winston’s worst fear – the rats – are used to break him. Therefore, the rats are clearly a symbol of Winston’s fears. George Orwell’s employment of literary devices in the novel adds to the narrative and to effectiveness of his underlying message. The world of 1984 is portrayed to us through the eyes of Winston Smith, making him an important character in the novel. The four aforementioned symbols all relate directly to Winston, describing his desires and hopes, as well as his needs and fears. Orwell’s use of symbols serves to further describe the protagonist, which in turn makes the story more appealing and thought-provoking.

3 Questions About Hyphenation with Adverbs

3 Questions About Hyphenation with Adverbs 3 Questions About Hyphenation with Adverbs 3 Questions About Hyphenation with Adverbs By Mark Nichol Writers are often confused about whether a phrase beginning with an adverb should be hyphenated. The answers to the following three questions explain when hyphenation is required and when it is incorrect. 1. I read an article that included this sentence: â€Å"Smith did his best during a nationally-broadcast speech this month to scare voters away from Jones.† Is that hyphen correct? Adverbs ending in -ly are generally not hyphenated, because the suffix signals that the adverb modifies the word that follows it, not the noun that follows both words, so a hyphen is redundant. Many people, including your friend, confuse such adverbial phrases with adjectival phrases (or phrasal adjectives, as they’re more commonly called), which do usually take hyphens. 2. True or false: If an adverb is a part of the phrasal adjective, it does not need a hyphen to connect it. For example, â€Å"She was a highly motivated student.† Assuming that is true, how would you approach the phrasal adjective in this sentence: â€Å"We’re having nowhere else conversations in this confidential community.† Else is an adverb, but to modify conversations, does â€Å"nowhere else† need a hyphen? True and false: In discussions of adverbial phrases that modify a noun, the distinction described in the answer to the previous question and repeated here is sometimes ignored: Adverbs ending in -ly are never hyphenated in such phrases, because the suffix signals that the adverb modifies the next word, not the noun, so a hyphen is redundant. Adverbs with no such suffix, however, should be hyphenated, as in â€Å"nowhere-else conversations.† (However, I do not recommend that particular construction.) 3. A coworker who edited a report I wrote insists that the hyphen in the following sentence is required: â€Å"Condemnation of her offensive response was near-universal.† Is she right? Your colleague is under the near-universal misapprehension that when the adverb near precedes an adjective, the two words are always linked by a hyphen. However, this is true only when the words combine to modify a noun that follows, as in the phrase â€Å"near-universal condemnation.† (This is a case of hyphenation with an adverb that does not end with -ly, as discussed in the answer to the previous question.) This distinction is the same as for phrasal adjectives consisting of an adjective and a noun converted to an adjective, as in the difference between â€Å"the highest-grossing film† and â€Å"the film that is highest grossing.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Opening Lines to Inspire the Start of Your Story8 Proofreading Tips And TechniquesHow to Style Titles of Print and Online Publications

Free Essays on Events Leading Upto The Bombing Of Hiroshima

On the 2nd of August 1939, scientists wrote to President Roosevelt telling him of efforts in Germany to purify Uranium 235, which could be used to make an atomic bomb. Roosevelt then set up an ‘Uranium Committee’ to research into an atom bomb. Once the United States entered the war, this situation changed dramatically. Scientists working in Britain had discovered how to control an atomic explosion. This was a very important step to making the bomb, and the British gave their knowledge to the Americans. In December 1942, President Roosevelt began the Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was a group of top nuclear scientists who were to find out how to make an atomic bomb. This group of scientists was under the command of General Leslie Groves, and Robert Oppenheimer. The project took place in many places across the United States, but mainly in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Los Alamos was a small town consisting of a school and a few homes. This was bought up by the U.S. government, and made into a secret city that would eventually house 6,000 people. This was a very secretive time and the scientists didn’t enjoy their surroundings very much. Making the bomb proved to be harder than originally thought. The Germans and Japanese came close to making it, but did not have resources. President Roosevelt gave the project limitless amounts of money, and kept the project secret from Congress and the public. In the end he spent more than $US2,000,000,000 on the project. Many factories were built to make the uranium and plutonium needed for the bomb. At the high point of the project, more than 200,000 people were employed in the project. Many of these people had no idea what they were making because of the secrecy of the project. In 1944, General Groves told President Roosevelt with confidence that the first atom bombs would be ready in the summer of 1945. By the time the bombs were ready, the U.S knew that there was no longer a race to ... Free Essays on Events Leading Upto The Bombing Of Hiroshima Free Essays on Events Leading Upto The Bombing Of Hiroshima On the 2nd of August 1939, scientists wrote to President Roosevelt telling him of efforts in Germany to purify Uranium 235, which could be used to make an atomic bomb. Roosevelt then set up an ‘Uranium Committee’ to research into an atom bomb. Once the United States entered the war, this situation changed dramatically. Scientists working in Britain had discovered how to control an atomic explosion. This was a very important step to making the bomb, and the British gave their knowledge to the Americans. In December 1942, President Roosevelt began the Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was a group of top nuclear scientists who were to find out how to make an atomic bomb. This group of scientists was under the command of General Leslie Groves, and Robert Oppenheimer. The project took place in many places across the United States, but mainly in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Los Alamos was a small town consisting of a school and a few homes. This was bought up by the U.S. government, and made into a secret city that would eventually house 6,000 people. This was a very secretive time and the scientists didn’t enjoy their surroundings very much. Making the bomb proved to be harder than originally thought. The Germans and Japanese came close to making it, but did not have resources. President Roosevelt gave the project limitless amounts of money, and kept the project secret from Congress and the public. In the end he spent more than $US2,000,000,000 on the project. Many factories were built to make the uranium and plutonium needed for the bomb. At the high point of the project, more than 200,000 people were employed in the project. Many of these people had no idea what they were making because of the secrecy of the project. In 1944, General Groves told President Roosevelt with confidence that the first atom bombs would be ready in the summer of 1945. By the time the bombs were ready, the U.S knew that there was no longer a race to ...

Art Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art Summary - Essay Example Rather, masculinity is not only displayed through the physical body, but also through the mind and how people conduct themselves nobly (Dyer, 148). The change of interest in body building from solely African Americans to whites made a big impact in the showbiz sector. The rise in many white males who were actively involved in the body building was appealing and led to several analyses of the ‘whiteness’ masculinity. Currently, body building has been portrayed as an art that white men ought to go through to have the ultimate figure. Body building involves several sacrifices, and it has been portrayed similarly to crucifixion (Dyer, 84). Lifting weights is a painful task that the participants endure substantial pain and suffering so as to attain the supreme body shape. Richard Dyer, in his book, discusses the white culture and its effect in history, films, literature and other areas. In this book, dyer writes of the importance of black culture in relation to that of the white one. Dyer brings out the difference in cultures from the black race and the white race and how the media portrays it. The symbolism of how the two cultures are dependent on each other is quite amazing. The example of how a black lighting is used to bring out the whiteness, for example of a blonde and how a white dress in a wedding brings out the glow in a black lady, shows the interracial relationships that can be achieved (Dyer, 104). In this chapter, a lot has been about the representation of the different races on camera, especially the problems that are encountered during filming of the black race, and the necessary steps taken to counter the problems. Several artists were given an assignment to define masculinity, and the results given were more confusing than defining. However, these artists had a common sentiment of masculinity in sports. The images shown by the artists refute the black and white depiction of masculinity and

Visitor Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Visitor Management - Assignment Example But if he happens to be inside a casino, he'd like to enjoy the latest hip music to be played along. Service quality plays a crucial role in popularizing the tourist spot and generating revenues. Some of the most important aspects of the overall service quality in visitor management are; Policies of the government: Tourist inflows to any tourist site depend on the policies and role of the federal government. For example the ancient monuments of Lord Buddha in Bamiyan (Afghanistan) bore a testimony of inept attitude of the local administration. These towering statues used to be a major tourist attraction and a revenue earner playing a crucial role in the economy of Afghanistan. Coordination with tour operators: Tour operators happen to be a smarter race in understanding the needs of the visitors and they appear to be more accessible. Tour operators can regularly include a tourist spot in the itinerary of the visitors depending upon the kind of facilities he is getting from the management of the tourist spot. To this end, the management may consider offering some discounts in the entrance fees etc. to the tour operator in lieu of consistency in visitor numbers. Operating proper guided tours: The first thing a visitor expects from the management... arly include a tourist spot in the itinerary of the visitors depending upon the kind of facilities he is getting from the management of the tourist spot. To this end, the management may consider offering some discounts in the entrance fees etc. to the tour operator in lieu of consistency in visitor numbers. Operating proper guided tours: The first thing a visitor expects from the management of a tourist spot is understandable signboards and guided tours. The visitors also require refreshments, snacks in the middle of the visit. Therefore restaurants, bars etc. should also be there. But these facilities must be developed as a support to the visits and must not in any way denigrate the ambiance of the site. For example the restaurant and bar must not become a place for partying of the hoodlums. Instead it should cater to the visitor as a place to take some rest and recoup his energy, who feels tired after visiting the site for long hours. Segmenting the visitors and identifying their needs and requirements: The visitor community could be students, archeologists, historians, nature lovers, researchers, Art lovers, young couples, party troupe etc. These different groups need some different types of marketing. Marketing strategy requires that customer's needs and interests be identified and then the visitors be divided into segments depending upon their interests and needs. For example the purpose of researchers in visiting a historical site is to historical facts, archeological features etc. while young students may take the visit as a day out and prefer to enjoy the picnic in their own way. Informative and educative sections for different segments: After having segmented the visitors, the management of site is supposed to devise marketing plan for different groups as per

Case study- Netflix 2012 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case study- Netflix 2012 - Essay Example Substitute products have a very strong influence over the organization because firms in other industries are producing substitutes to what Netflix is offering. These products are also comparatively priced to attract more customers. Bargaining power of suppliers is strong because there are very few content and studio providers available in the industry. Furthermore, the suppliers are significantly differentiated and the overall procedure of contracts is long-term and expensive. It is now easier for few firms to enter in to the market primarily because demand is constantly increasing and there are very low barriers for entrance, for instance, unrestricted regulatory policies, less capital requirements, low degrees of customer loyalty and brand preferences etc. (Peteraf). Based on the above analysis it can be summarized that movie rental industry is significantly attractive to make huge profits. This is firstly because customers are increasing rapidly and the new technological developments are encouraging them towards live streaming and DVDs. Although this is highly competitive market but if the organization applies right strategies then profits can be increased. The overall concept of movie rentals has drastically changed with the development of internet technology. Previously we used to get our movies from physical stores but today millions of people subscribe to websites such as Netflix in order to rent DVDs and watch movies. Netflix has also given significant customer facilities. In the near future customers are expected to switch completely to live streaming and online video libraries while paying a small amount as rent. The long term growth rate of Movie Rental Industry: In the last two decades customers using online movie rental services have significantly increased which has actually influenced the long term growth rate of the entire industry. It is evident that young people specifically from 14-34 years of age are now

Multi Store Model And Levels Of Processing Psychology Essay

Multi Store Model And Levels Of Processing Psychology Essay During this assignment the memory models that will be compared are Attkinson and Shiffrins (1970) multi- store model and Craik and Lockharts (1972) Levels of processing. We will not only be comparing the memory models but also evaluating and looking at the opposing studies. The case studies and theorists that are looked at develop very supportive and detailed views although not all studies will be necessarily correct or wrong. Through out this assignment the research and studies are based on studies from Milner (1970), Atkinson and Shiffrins Multi- store model (1970), Craik and Lockharts (1972), Craik and Tulvings (1975) and Morrison (1985). Although the studies and theories are based on research that was completed and evaluated over 40 years a go we can look and see how it has affected us through every day life. The case study, HM Milner (1970) supports the views that there is more than one store for memory. HM suffered brain damage due to surgery. After the surgery, HM was left with normal short term memory and only few memories from before the operation (which he had in order to stop seizures). HM was now unable to create new long term memories, which suggests that short term memory is separate too long term memory and is not one store. This shows that HM was unable to encode and transfer information, from short term memory to long term memory.This provides support for the multi- store model. Craik and Lockhart (1972) were not in full agreement for the multi- store model. Craik and Lockhart had a theory that the levels of processing were more complex and depended on how the information was given to how we would recall information back at later dates and times. They believed it wasnt just how many times it was repeated and rehearsed but how the information is being given as there are many levels of processing:  · Shallow/structural level visual/ how something looks  · Intermediate/ phonetic level- the sound or way something is said  · Deep/ semantic the meaning or the connection to the subject (AQA Psychology B; Nelson Thornes; page 172) The reconstructive model was to also prove our long term memory and short-term memory were not separate stores. This model also provides support for levels of processing theory (Bartlett 1932). Milners (1970) case study supports the Multi- store Model because they found that there are three overall stores (Sensory store, Long term memory and Short- term memory) which also needed the processes and stages of memory (encoding, storage and retrieval). The memory stores and processes of memory, together make Attkinson and Shiffrins (1970) multi- store model very useful and supportive. Craik and Tulvings (1975) study also supports the theory of levels of processing. They found that there are three different types of encoding (semantic, acoustic and visual) which showed us after the study took place, that semantic encoding which is a deeper thinking process, was a more useful and effective way of remembering information. As the experiment was conducted, there were three basic rules;  · Participants were shown 60 words  · One at a time  · They all had one word at each level (semantic, visual and acoustic) All of the words had to fit in to a sentence; be of upper or lower case or Asked if they rhymed. After the experiment a list was given to the participants with all 60 words, plus an additional 120. The participants were asked to recognise the original words. This experiment was to prove how rehearsal was more important that Attkinson and Shiffrins (1970) simplistic multi- store model actually was. (AQA Psychology B; Nelson Thornes; page 174). Although both of these studies oppose against each other, they both have three stages and show different ways to recall information for long term memory and short term memory in different detail. Morrison (1985) created a study, making up false football results to a handful of people, to see how participants with and without interest would remember and recall information correctly. The study found that people with interest recalled the most results correctly even though they were false. These results contradicted the multi- store model. Tyler (1979) also created a study that opposed against the levels of processing theory. The study showed us that the recall on harder words was higher than the recall on easier words (essential AS Psychology; Richard Geoff and Geoff Rolls; AS Module 1; page 9-12) Attkinson and Shiffrin (1971) Multi- store model suggests the capacity, duration and encoding are the key points to the short term memory and long term memory, where as the reconstructive model and levels of processing (Craik and Lockhart 1972) believe it is not just how deeply processed and relevant the word(s) are. The rehearsal is crucial for the transformation of information from short-term memory to long term memory, where as the reconstructive model shows us semantic (rhyming words/questions) and shallow processing (case questions/answers) arte how we store information based on short term memory and long term memory is one store, unlike levels of processing suggests. Our long term and short term and short term memory is used every day without realising it. It affects the quality and how we behave for every human and animal. Elizabeth Loftus 1974) constructed an experiment to see how reliable an eyewitness testimony actually was. A video was shown to a bunch of participants, of a car accident. After viewing the video half were asked what they saw, using the word smashed, Whilst the other half had the word hit in the sentence. They were also asked to write down the speed of the car in their opinion. More people with the word smashed in the sentence, said they saw broken glass. There was also an average speed of 41 miles per hour when smashed was used the other half estimated an average of 34 miles per hour when hearing the word hit. Ley (1978) also experimented how reliable remembrance was, by conducting a study on visiting the doctors. 10 per cent of doctors patients remembered what was said after he wrote a booklet for doctors on how to give advice. As the first result showed only patients with medical background remembered over half, where as patients without did not remember as much. (Discovering Psychology; Barbra Woods; page 120-121) All of these studies have affected the way in which questionnaires and eye witness testimonies are now conducted. There are many factors that can affect on how we remember information and our environmental situation can also affect our recall. This could also be proven to be a flashbulb memory. This is when an individual remembers an incident or memo9ry when it relates to something i.e. millennium, new year (December 1999- January 2000) you will remember certain things about that particular moment (where you were? What you wore? Who you were with?) There are many things that contradict levels of processing and the multi- store memory. There are a lot of reliable studies to prove memory models and theories but there are some things that can not actually prove how deep we process information or how much we can process over many years. Block and organisation helps us to process and retain information easier although effort is needed. Distinctiveness makes the information unique. Along with elaboration which allows us to expand information. (Essential AS Psychology; Richard Gross and Geoff Rolls; AS Module 1; Page 13) We cannot also prove why rehearsal is sometimes not needed, it is also described as a two-way flow of information i.e. Morris (1985) the multi- store model is also seen as to simplistic as it doesnt always transfer to long term memory from short term memory, even after rehearsal. In conclusion throughout this comparison of models we have compared analysed and researched different studies. All studies put forward strong and supportive evidence for each, even though most oppose against each other. The multi- store model and the levels of processing studies both have positive outcomes. They have both helped us to realise we cannot rely on eyewitness testimonies and have helped people on giving advise that is comprehensible and understandable. So to conclude, this assignment shows us how different studies can be correct but are not necessarily wrong. All of the studies need to be researched more today to be able to carry on in supporting all views as the memory models will continue to be compared. AQA Psychology B: Nelson Thornes; 1988 PSYCHOLOGY for AS LEVEL; Michael W. EYSENCK and CARA FLANAGAN 2000 ESSENTIAL AS Psychology; Richard Gross and Geoff Rolls Discovering psychology; BARBRA WOODS

Observations Of Life :: essays research papers

INTRODUCTION I am not a psychologist by far, I have no degree in the field of psychology nor do I wish to have, I am just an everyday person that observes and analyzes the things I see. As I am writing this I am at the ripe old age of 18. To some people this may imply that I do not have any credibility in writing these things because I do not have the wisdom of age. Well, to those people I say that they should hear me out on these perceptions and continue reading, because you can not judge someone else unless you have heard their side of the story. By writing this I hope to achieve one thing and one thing only: that someone, somewhere will remember my way of seeing things. In no way do I wish to offend anyone. This is just how I see the world we live in. I believe that age has no effect on how you perceive things. If anything you just become less credible as you get older. For instance, young children have the tendency to completely tell the truth, that is until they discover how to lie. In my observations I have noticed that parents believe the younger sibling more than the older sibling. This may be because the parents favor this child more than the older one or could it be that the younger child has more credibility because the older one has been known to tell lies from time to time. If you have seen or watched kids you know that this, in most cases, is true. One thing about life that I never understood is pay role. It makes no sense at all. It seems to me that the more work you do the less you get paid and the less work you do the more you get paid for it. For example, my father started out working as a garbage disposal man. By this I mean that he was the guy hanging off the back of the garbage truck. He would work long days and the physical demand was just exhausting. Could you imagine doing this work in the biting cold of winter or the humid heat of the summer all day long? The pay was not very good. Currently he still is in the same business but I would say a lot further up the ladder than he used to be.

Amy Tan’s “Mother Tongue” and Gloria Anzuldua’s “How To Tame A Wild Tongue” Essay

â€Å"Identity is the essential core of who we are as individuals, the conscious experience of the self inside† – Kaufman (AnzuldÏ a 62). Coming to America and speaking more than one language, I often face similar situations as Gloria AnzaldÏ a and Amy Tan. Going to high school where personal image is a big part of a student’s life is very nerve racking. American Values are often forced upon students and a certain way of life is expected of them. Many times, in America, people look down on people who do not accept the American Way of Life. The struggle of â€Å"fitting in† and accepting the cultural background is a major point in both essays, _Mother Tongue_ by Amy Tan and _How to Tame a Wild Tongue_ by Gloria AnzaldÏ a, which the authors argue similarly about. Both essays can be related to my life as I experience them in my life at home and at school. High school also has an unparalleled reputation of students trying to â€Å"fit in† with their peers and peer-pressure causing people to accept values different to their own, which is similar to AnzaldÏ a’s case. In AnzaldÏ a’s essay, she reflects on the situation that many people face in a contact zone of many different cultures. She begins by explaining how she felt unaccepted by all groups, Americans, Mexicans, and other Spanish speakers. Many people are also forced accept certain cultures over the other. AnzaldÏ a â€Å"was accused by various Latinos and Latinas† of a being a â€Å"‘Pocho, cultural traitor'†. AnzaldÏ a was rejected by many Latinos and did not mix well with Americans either. Gaining respect of peers is also very hard in high school. Living with parent that speaks â€Å"broken English† is similar in all households and presents similar hardships. In _Mother Tongue_, Amy Tan mainly focuses on the hardships of adapting to American culture. Tan also avoids to being in situations where her mother tries to express herself. Amy is â€Å"red-faced and quit† while her mother â€Å"was shouting at [the stockbroker’s] boss in her impeccable English† (Tan 317). Amy is often embarrassed of her mother’s â€Å"broken† English and avoids speaking up in those situations. In both essays, the authors explain the consequences of foreign language  speakers face in an American predominant society. AnzaldÏ a is usually afraid to express herself truly because many times the outcomes discourage her to do so. AnzaldÏ a recalls â€Å"being caught speaking Spanish at recess [which] was good for three licks on the knuckles with a sharp ruler† and â€Å"being sent to the corner of the classroom† for â€Å"trying to tell [the teacher] how to pronounce [her] name†. The outcome of trying to express herself in her true nature often got her punished severely. Tan feels less fortunate to have been in an immigrant family because many of her opportunities were taken away because of that. While growing up, Tan believed that because her â€Å"mother’s English †¦had an effect on limiting [her] possibilities in life† (Tan 318). Amy Tan thought that while living in fear of not â€Å"fitting in†, the opportunities were taken away from her. The stunted language skill development, in immigrant families, could affect their success in school and other achievement tests (Tan 318). The essays differ from each other because in Amy Tan actually accepts parts of American culture, while AnzaldÏ a resists including the American lifestyle into her own completely. AnzaldÏ a is bitter about the fact that she is forced to accept the American culture. She claims that â€Å"required†¦two speech classes†¦to get rid of [the] accent [were] a violation of the First Amendment† (AnzaldÏ a 54). But Amy Tan struggles to incorporate the American lifestyle at many times. Tan fights the stereotype â€Å"Chinese students go into engineering† and struggles to excel in English rather than engineering (Tan 319). In conclusion, in America, foreign language speakers often feel disadvantageous to Americans that have more resources to exploit. But both authors still agree that preserving their heritage is important and should it should not be lost while trying to â€Å"fit in†. While speaking many languages and going to high school in America, the essays are closely related to my own life. I realized that gaining some new culture and losing some of the old culture is best to adapt to the new a country and different people. Balancing the cultures and languages forms our identity.

Free Essays on John Dewey And Teaching Morals

John Dewey and Teaching Morals Webster defines philosophy as â€Å"the study of the principles underlying conduct, thought, and the nature of the universe† (Webster’s New World Dictionary and Thesaurus, Macmillian: New York, NY, 1999). Dewey understood the subject of philosophy to be the experience and its problems. For Dewey, the method of philosophy was in the assessment of experiences. It was not some metaphysical achievement of, or quest for, certainty. It does not have its origins in doubt nor does it presume to illuminate some eternal truth. This is in true keeping with his pragmatist attitude. Additionally, Dewey saw philosophy as empirical and critical, a step-by-step way of intelligently assessing experienced values, making judgmental conclusions about these values, and exploring the methodology of reaching those conclusions. It is easy to see why Dewey focused so much effort on attempting to analyze and explain the importance of education, including the moral principles of children. John Dewey’s Moral Principles in Education was an analysis of moral education in schools and society. For Dewey, the moral development of children and adults was a never ending process. Dewey allowed that every societal ill involving, seemingly, a lack of good judgment, had definite ties to the lack of ethical education in our society’s groups. Schools have always been expected to reinforce, supplement, sometimes even substitute for, the moral education children should acquire at home or church (Alan, 205). Dewey allowed that maybe the greatest misconception about moral education is the belief that it can be taught as a separate subject unrelated to all other subjects in the curriculum. By drilling and preaching, patterns of acceptable moral behavior will be blazoned in those kids subjected to these tactics. How funny the idea that a school might offer courses in Elementary Virtue, Intermediate Virtue, or Advanced Virt... Free Essays on John Dewey And Teaching Morals Free Essays on John Dewey And Teaching Morals John Dewey and Teaching Morals Webster defines philosophy as â€Å"the study of the principles underlying conduct, thought, and the nature of the universe† (Webster’s New World Dictionary and Thesaurus, Macmillian: New York, NY, 1999). Dewey understood the subject of philosophy to be the experience and its problems. For Dewey, the method of philosophy was in the assessment of experiences. It was not some metaphysical achievement of, or quest for, certainty. It does not have its origins in doubt nor does it presume to illuminate some eternal truth. This is in true keeping with his pragmatist attitude. Additionally, Dewey saw philosophy as empirical and critical, a step-by-step way of intelligently assessing experienced values, making judgmental conclusions about these values, and exploring the methodology of reaching those conclusions. It is easy to see why Dewey focused so much effort on attempting to analyze and explain the importance of education, including the moral principles of children. John Dewey’s Moral Principles in Education was an analysis of moral education in schools and society. For Dewey, the moral development of children and adults was a never ending process. Dewey allowed that every societal ill involving, seemingly, a lack of good judgment, had definite ties to the lack of ethical education in our society’s groups. Schools have always been expected to reinforce, supplement, sometimes even substitute for, the moral education children should acquire at home or church (Alan, 205). Dewey allowed that maybe the greatest misconception about moral education is the belief that it can be taught as a separate subject unrelated to all other subjects in the curriculum. By drilling and preaching, patterns of acceptable moral behavior will be blazoned in those kids subjected to these tactics. How funny the idea that a school might offer courses in Elementary Virtue, Intermediate Virtue, or Advanced Virt...

Panama Papers

Panama Papers HUGE LEAK OF INFORMATION REVEALS WHAT WORLDS ELITE WANTS TO HIDE Tax evasion in the form of offshore accounts and companies has been relatively common among the wealthy elite for a long time. The Panama Papers have revealed the extent of the corruption involved. The law firm and corporate services provider Mossack Fonseca has been protecting its clients’ information for a long time, and there has been a tremendous offshore records leak as of late. The massive leak of documents that have come to be known as the Panama Papers, because Mossack Fonseca is based in Panama, have revealed that the world’s wealthy elite has been evading taxation and committing fraud to a degree that has stunned the whole world. These papers have provided authorities with information on 214,488 offshore actors. FINANCIAL REWARDS ARE THE ONLY WAY TO GAIN EMPLOYEE LOYALTY The People Implicated by the Panama Papers The Panama Papers are truly shocking in terms of their scope. There are 11.5 million records here, and they are full of the accounts of illegal activities of billionaires, drug traffickers, politicians, professional athletes, and celebrities. Football player Lionel Messi and famous actor Jacki Chan are among their ranks. There are at least 128 public officials and politicians involved, including the king of Saudi Arabia, six members of the House of Lords in the United Kingdom, and the prime ministers of Pakistan and Iceland. More than two hundred people with American addresses alone have shown up in these documents. In many cases, the families of politicians were involved, such as the children of the Azerbaijan president. At least 33 of the people and companies that have been implicated have been involved with terrorist organizations, rogue nations, or drug lords. One bitterly ironic facet of the scandal is the fact that public leaders who have become famous for trying to end corruption have also been involved. Chinese leader Xi Jinping’s family is connected to the documents, as is the father of British Prime Minister David Cameron. It is possible that some of these people are victims of circumstances and that they have not benefited from the shady dealings of their families, but it is equally possible that they partly managed to get away with what they did because it was through their family members. It does seem that a great deal of these people have been using trusted individuals to take the risk when it comes to laundering money for them, particularly people like President Putin. At this point in the scandal, some of the people accused or involved with those who were accused are coming forward. Overall, they have been trying to weasel out of their responsibilities. Vladimir Putin has said that the allegations were just designed to discredit the people involved and cause instability in Russia. The Icelandic prime minister has resigned over this scandal, and this scandal may change Iceland’s public image for a long time. HOW HUMAN DIGNITY IS VALUED WITHIN THE ACADEMIC SPHERE Mossack Fonseca’s Involvement In an International Corruption Scandal Up until recently, Mossack Fonseca was an obscure corporate service provider and law firm that was located in Panama but with a few dozen branches and offices throughout the world. It is the fourth largest offshore law firm in the world, but it never really rose to prominence in the general public consciousness. Today, this is a law firm and corporate service provider that is going to go down in history as being one of the most infamous and corrupt organizations in the world. There are lots of documents to go through that will illuminate exactly what Mossack Fonseca did for their clients. However, overall, they worked to keep a huge amount of information related to their clients’ financial records secret. They have removed paper records and erased electronic records in the wake of potential legal troubles for their clients. They backdate documents in order to help their clients cheat in financial transactions. In fact, clients have actually paid them to backdate documents, so there is no doubt that many of these clients knew about this practice and actively encouraged it. Law firms are allowed to give their clients a high degree of confidentiality, but it is safe to say that Mossack Fonseca has abused that privilege in every way. The International Community Responds to the Panama Offshore Records Leak The Panama Papers scandal is shaping up to be one of the defining moments of the twenty-first century. The international community has jumped on it. Journalists all around the world are working together in order to investigate Mossack Fonseca more thoroughly. This issue has managed to bring journalists together in a way that was completely unprecedented. Law enforcement officials from all over the world are launching their own investigations into Mossack Fonseca and everyone connected to the law firm. Brazil has been particularly active when it comes to uncovering the scandal and bringing the people responsible to justice. They are investigating former president Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva and current president Dilma Rousseff may lose her position as a result of this scandal. Employees at the Brazilian office of Mossack Fonseca have been arrested, and Brazil is continuing to respond to this problem. Other countries that have Mossack Fonseca offices are launching more of their own investigations. ACADEMIC INTELLECTUAL IN POLITICS This scandal has tremendous implications for people all around the world. High London property prices have been linked to the fact that these wealthy people have been able to buy up the best properties in the area while evading the local taxes and using cached wealth. Some people have discussed this issue in terms of the Great Recession, wondering about the link between ongoing economic troubles and the Panama Papers. Of course, the scandal has also revived the old debate about privacy and access to information in a technological society, with some people raising concerns about the broader implications about the leak and not just the results of the leak. Other sources are celebrating the incident as an example of a new form of activism that is only possible in the Information Age, and which will stop the rich and the powerful from guarding all of their ignoble secrets. The situation raises all sorts of questions about the amount of wealth that has been siphoned away from governments all around the world as a result of all of this offshore tax evasion. Norway, Spain, Germany, Australia, and France are all looking into the issue from the taxation perspective, partly in the hopes of recovering some of the money that their respective governments are owed. There is no telling how all of the recovered wealth might affect the economy, or whether the costs of the investigation are going to counteract all of the potential financial benefits.

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Discussion Board - Assignment Example This simply means that the conditions one experiences in prisons may vary from one place to another. Therefore, asserting that convict criminologists have more credibility in regard to their information of prison life is a farfetched idea. On the other hand, prison is a dynamic place where people get convicted on a daily basis with different criminal offenses. Political systems are also changing on a daily basis meaning that new rules and regulations governing human actions are formulated and implemented each time, thus an action that was not considered a crime in the early 90’s could be considered a crime in the contemporary society and vice-versa. This creates a need for continuous learning on issues ascribed to prison life, thus one person cannot claim that owing to the fact that he was convicted ten years ago, he is in a better position to comprehend prison-related issues than other scholar. In conclusion, the credibility of convict criminologists, does matter, they have a unique source of knowledge that is not possessed by people who have never been

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Operations Management - Assignment Example It also recognizes the potential of its competitors and therefore keeps on reviewing its strategies to ensure that its is able to achieve its objectives in a reliable way. It has over time developed polices that promote good farming practices for its producers with an aim of ensuring that they constantly increase their production capability, which would in return impact on the company’s processing ability and eventually the supply to the market. With such an enhanced mechanism, the company no doubt makes a good case study for operation management processes. In order to get an overview focus of this study, it is important to understand what process management is all about and how existing literature looks into it. Some scholars have looked at this process as the manner in which a given procedure is controlled and directed with an aim of transforming inputs into finished goods and services(Melao and Pidd,2000).). It has also been looked into as the process related with creation operation and control of transformation system which absorbs inputs and resources and in the long run produces outputs which are classified as either goods or services and are essential to the customers (Pritchard and Armistead, 1999). From these descriptions, it is deducible that operation process is primarily focused in producing goods or services that customers can enjoy. Lin and Pai (2002) assert that operations management deals with looking it what resources are needed where, how, in what quantity and for what purpose, as well as how these resources will impa ct on the final expected product. From the company overview given above, it is evident that the company has a rather complicated structure that is significantly segmented for easy management. There are several interdependent departments that undertake specific tasks with an aim of reaching the overall company objectives. The process selected for

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The Relationship Between Brand Loyalty Essay Evaluate the relationship between brand loyalty, corporate image, and repeat purchasing. Brand loyalty In marketing, brand loyalty comprises of a consumers commitment to repurchase the brand and can be demonstrated by repeated buying of manufactured goods or services or other positive conducts such as word of mouth advocacy. True brand loyalty involves that the consumers are willing, at least on event, to put aside their own needs in the interest of the brand. Brand loyalty is more than simple repurchasing, however. Customers may repurchase a brand due to situational constraints, a lack of viable alternatives, or out of convenience. Such loyalty is referred to as spurious loyalty. True brand loyalty exists when customers have a high relative attitude toward the brand which is then exhibited through repurchase behavior. This type of loyalty can be a great asset to the firm: customers are willing to pay higher prices, they may cost less to serve, and can bring new customers to the firm. For example, if Joe has brand loyalty to Company A, he will purchase Company As products even if Company Bs are cheaper and/or of a higher quality. An example of a major brand loyalty program that extended for several years and spread worldwide is Pepsi Stuff. Perhaps the most significant contemporary example of brand loyalty is the fervent devotion of many Mac users to the Apple company and its products. From the point of view of many marketers, loyalty to the brand in terms of consumer usage is a key factor. Corporate image A corporate image refers to how a company is perceived. It is a normally accepted image of what a company stands for. The formation of a corporate image is an implement in the perception management. It is created solely by marketing managers/consultants who use public relations and other forms of promotion to suggest a mental picture to the public. Usually, a corporate image is designed to be interesting to the public, so that the company can spark an interest among customers, create share of mind, create brand equity, and thus make easy product sales. A corporations image is not solely created by the company: Other contributors to a companys image could include news media, journalists, labour unions, environmental organizations, and other NGOs (non-governmental organization). Corporations are not the only form of organization that creates these types of images. Governments, charitable organizations, criminal organizations, religious organizations, political organizations, and educational organizations all tend to have a unique image, an image that is partially purposeful and partially unintended, partially self-created. For example, the corporate image for Serenity Spa Salon, which has an image of a lady, faced up with hair flowing down. This image gives the sense of relaxation where a lady can get her face and hair done. The soft colours used give an impression a relaxing ambience at the salon. Thus inviting tired women to come here and unwind while their hair and face are being treated. Only if the experience is a success for the customer will it be turned into repeat purchases. These repeats, not the single purchase which is the focus of most models, are where the vendors focus should be, for these are where the profits are generated. For example, Mrs Lee have tried the PILOT pen before and she thinks it is a comfortable pen to write with. She buys more for her office use which all suppliers are looking forward to. Some suppliers even gives a sample to trial on so that the customer will want to buy from them again as it satisfied them to use it.

Three Contributions Of Chinese Immigrants Essay -- essays research pap

Three Contributions Of Chinese Immigrants   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Chinese started immigrating to the United States in 1849. They left China in search of a better life. Life in China in the 1800's was very hard. There wasn't enough food, money and the cities were overpopulated. They heard about the United States and believed there was an opportunity to start over again. They hoped to find jobs on the railroad or to strike gold. When they arrived in the United States, life was difficult. Laws were made which discriminated against them. However, eventually they became a respected part of our society. They are responsible for many contributions which are part of American life today. This essay will describe three of these contributions: two products, ginseng and tea, and one method of medicine, acupuncture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ginseng is a perennial herb grown in China and other Asian countries. It is also grown in North American, but the Asian variety is thought to be more valuable. There are many legends and superstitions surrounding ginseng. The Chinese have long believed that the ginseng is a cure for many aliments and can even make one live longer. However, Western researchers are have been unable to prove this. Today, many manufacturers add ginseng to such products as hair tonics, shampoos, skin creams and even soft drinks. Also ginseng can be bought over the counter in drug stores under such names as â€Å"Ginkoba† and â€Å"Ginsana†. â€Å" Ginkoba† is supposed to... Three Contributions Of Chinese Immigrants Essay -- essays research pap Three Contributions Of Chinese Immigrants   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Chinese started immigrating to the United States in 1849. They left China in search of a better life. Life in China in the 1800's was very hard. There wasn't enough food, money and the cities were overpopulated. They heard about the United States and believed there was an opportunity to start over again. They hoped to find jobs on the railroad or to strike gold. When they arrived in the United States, life was difficult. Laws were made which discriminated against them. However, eventually they became a respected part of our society. They are responsible for many contributions which are part of American life today. This essay will describe three of these contributions: two products, ginseng and tea, and one method of medicine, acupuncture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ginseng is a perennial herb grown in China and other Asian countries. It is also grown in North American, but the Asian variety is thought to be more valuable. There are many legends and superstitions surrounding ginseng. The Chinese have long believed that the ginseng is a cure for many aliments and can even make one live longer. However, Western researchers are have been unable to prove this. Today, many manufacturers add ginseng to such products as hair tonics, shampoos, skin creams and even soft drinks. Also ginseng can be bought over the counter in drug stores under such names as â€Å"Ginkoba† and â€Å"Ginsana†. â€Å" Ginkoba† is supposed to...

Essays

SONG OF RADHA, THE MILKMAID —text and critical study by Mandira Chattopadhyaya Labels: Literary Criticism I carried my curds to the Mathura fair†¦ How softly the heifers were lowing†¦ I wanted to cry, â€Å"Who will buy The curds that is white as the clouds in the sky When the breezes of Shravan are blowing? † But my heart was so full of your beauty, Beloved, They laughed as I cried without knowing: Govinda! Govinda! Govinda! Govinda! How softly the river was flowing! I carried the pots to the Mathura tide†¦ How gaily the rowers were rowing! My comrades called, â€Å"Ho! Let us dance, let us sing And wear saffron garments to welcome the spring. And pluck the new buds that are blowing. † But my heart was so full of your music, Beloved, They mocked when I cried without knowing: Govinda! Govinda! Govinda! Govinda! How gaily the river was flowing! I carried my gifts to the Mathura shrine†¦ How brightly the torches were glowing! I folded my hands at the altars to pray â€Å"O shining ones guard us by night and by day†- And loudly the conch shells were blowing. But my heart was so lost in your worship, Beloved, They were wroth when I cried without knowing: Govinda! Govinda! Govinda! Govinda! How bright the river was flowing! Substance of the poem Radha, the milkmaid is carrying curds to Mathura (Krishna’s birthplace) where the spring festival is going on. Cows are lowing softly in the fields. Radha, wishing to give out her trade cry to sell her curds that is as white as the autumn clouds, instead, calls out My Lord! My Lord! Everybody laughs. The river Jamuna flows on softly, as if appreciating her chant. Radha reaches the bank of the river to cross by the ferry boat. Her female companions want to wear the saffron garments, the color of spring, and want to sing and dance and pluck the new buds. Radha’s heart swells with the music of her Beloved Lord Krishna. She cries in ecstasy when others humor her. The river Jamuna flows on joyfully regardless. Radha reaches, with her gifts of curds, the temple, where the torches are brightly burning. She folds her hands to pray to the deity, encircled by snakes, and prays for protection while the conch shells are blown. Her heart is lost to the vision of her Beloved Lord and she calls out the name involuntarily. Others become angry. But the river Jamuna flows on while her water dazzles in the light of the torches. A critical estimate of the poem The title of the poem transports us to another world, to an environment of fertility and abundance. Mother Nature abounds the earth with the flow of her liquid. This white liquid symbolizes affection and nurturing of life. Radha, the daughter of Mother Nature carries the liquid of life and growth to all living beings. Mathura is her destination where Krishna, the Divine Musician holds everybody mesmerized with his mystic presence. The heifers herald her arrival to Mathura where she will pour into the pots the liquid which she has brought- energy and power from the mother Earth. It is worth noticing that Sita, the other daughter of mother Earth also represents all that stand for productivity. Mathura is here the center of life and abundance. While the cow is the species, that represents the flow of life and abundance. Radha feeds and nurtures life. Even the clouds in the sky, white and creamy, are part of the resources of life. The clouds and breeze together produce rain to awash the earth with the energy and moisture that coaxes the dormant vitality into life energy. The time of the year should also be noted. It is the time of incessant rain, the month of Shravan (August- September), when the life- giving moisture bursts forth. Radha’s heart wavers from her task in hand. She yearns for her union with Divine Musician, a presence that encompasses every soul of Mathura. She is absorbed, heart and mind, in his mystic presence and the trade cry she is supposed give out does not come to her lips- only the name of Govinda, the Omnipresent, the Omniscient and the Omnipotent, coming spontaneously from her heart, reverberates. The poet, here, juxtaposes the two conceptions, the flowing of the river and Radha’s yearning for a communion with Krishna. Radha is presented in the poem in the first person. In the first stanza she refers to the commodity she is carrying. Her mind is somewhat attached to the earthly duties and nature of her work. Even in her surroundings she hears the cry of the heifers, an animal she connects with her trade. In the second stanza, her mind is drawn towards the joy and gaiety of nature. She feels the abundance in her heart Life is flowing everywhere. Dear Mantu We are nown drawn to Indian English literature and your attempt at decoding Sarojini is a wonderful effort to that end Yes Indian English literature could be successful only when India breathes through the language of the Teutonic school and here is an instance of success Ihave read your substance and critical comments with great interest and I have a few reflections on the poem that I submit before you Firstly Idont think that there is any clue in the text wherefrom we could infer that Krishna is at Mathura when Radha comes there Secondly though Vrindavan has not been mentoioned here it is clear that Radha comes from elsewhere to Mathura to sell her milk product She comes from the other side of Jamuna She comes from her village Mathura is a trade centre and town The poem on the surface dwells on a maid who comes to the town for selling milk product But her head is full of Govinda So instead of paying attention to her etting and spending and instead of giving her trade cry with gusto she unaware of herself cries aloud the name Govinda her sweetheart A wonderful portrait of a loveladen heart of a village girl Methinks the the heifers donot low at the place fair at Mathura They lowed whhen she was carrying her milk product and setting out for Mathura Then the Jamuna and the boat journey with her comrades and finally at Mathura at the fair and at the temple Thus four vignettes one afte r another pass by before our minds eye The prayer at the temple is very touching Because it is for achieving nothing great May all the gods protect us That is all Just as the naive boatman when encounters the godhead incarnated as goddess Annapurna in Bharatchandra only prays that her should remain well fed That is all These simple folks are very much unlike us They dont want to be a scholar or a scientist or a president Bush Me thinks that the truly Indian attitude towards life along with the breeze of the month of Shravan blows through the poem Mind you the poem has some riddles in it to ponder over The curds are as white as the clouds in the clear sky But the time when Radha crosses the Jamuna is Shravan when there no white clouds But Radha fails to announce the good quality of her curds Because the blue clouds of the month of Shravan seem to engross her Again it is Shravan to Radha when her comrades want to don saffron robes in harmony with the spring time So many seasons at the same time draws my attention Thuis all the seasons are subjective Jamuna flows between the place where Radha stays and the place where Radha works for money Jamuna is a chasm between the two worlds —-one where love reigns and the other where exc hange reigns The way you have interpreted milk is quite convincing Indeed it is from the villages that energy flows to rejuvenate the life in the cities On another level Go vinda might mean the centre of the earth or universe or the source of all light Of course Radha is the symbol of the earth Her heart is full of the longing for the skies There you read the myth of Gaia and Ourania Dyaus and Prithivi And you have legitimately brought Sita and Radha together. Regards Ramesh Dear Mandira, The beautiful poem -Songs of Radha the Milkmaid that you have selected from Sarojini Naidu's book of poems incites me to share something. I, myself am very much fond of *Kirtana *-the art form that sings basically the lila of Radha and Krishna,particularly the *Biraha *portion when Krishna left Radha in Brindavan and himself went to Mathura to perform another duty and activities. Radha remained ever engrossed in the thoughts of Krishna and waited for his return. Whenever any cart etc. came from Mathura she rushed there in the hope that her beloved must have come back . But in vain. The love-lorn Radha became more sad. I am giving below a song that portrays this in a poignant manner; Piya tora kaisa abhiman Saghana sawan laye kadama bahar Mathura se doli laye charo kahar Nahi aye nahi aye Kesaria balma hamar Angana bara sunsan Apne nayan se neer bahaye Apne Yamuna khud aphi banaye Lakh bar usme nahaya Pura na hoi asnan Phir pura na hoi asnan Sukhe kesh rukhe besh Manua bejaan In this backdrop I would like to give my interpretation. Radha had not actually gone to Mathura . Rather in her inner mind flashed what would happen had she gone to Mathura fair, Mathura tide,Mathura shrine respectively. In the Mathura fair she would sell her curd. As Radha did not have any idea about the life style of Mathura -the capital city,hence she imagined that heifers would be there and they were lowing softly in the hope of the union of Radha and Krishna as they had done in Brindavan. Radha would not sell milk;in its stead curd. Why? Because her love for Krishna that hand turned from milk to curd in the absence of Krishna/Gobinda . But it remained as pure and white as the white cloud of the sky. But mind that though Shravan breeze were blowing yet the cloud was white. How is it possible? As because Krishna was not with Radha hence there was Shravan breezes blowing in her mind/sky . Radha would sell her product only to Krishna Her mind was full of pure love for Krishna;( i. e.. the white cloud). After shower the sky becomes clear. So happened in case of Radha's mind. Unaware she uttered Gobinda! Gobinda. And even when her friends might laugh at her her pent up thoughts were released and her mind got a relief. Her conscious mind /the river started flowing softly. The other two stanzas may be similarly explicated. I resist myself to do that. Does it seem to be too far fetched . With love and with the hope to hear more from you. Dipika Dear Dipikadi, Thank you very much for your own interpretation of the poem. You are wonderfully lyrical and your point of view has added dimensions to the simple village girl's vision of her divine Beloved. Please write your point of view on the other two stanzas too. best wishes Mondira In the second stanza, Radha imagined that she went to Mathura with her pot. Within the pot Radha might have taken her love ,her longing for Krishna The imagery of pot at once reminds us of the individual body that separates us/here Radha from the union of our own god /Krishna. As soon as the earthen pot breaks there will be the eternal union. In this context, the word Mathura tide has a special import. Just as due to the attraction of the Moon there comes the high tide in the river,similarly Radha's mind and body- her heart and breast swelled up being attracted to Mathura where her beloved resides. But as high tide and ebb tide come and go in alternate manner,similarly Radha's emotion, feelings and demeanour changed- now elated and the next moment depressed. While she thought of her union with Krishna there came the high tide. And there was all mirth and merriment. Merrily merrily the rowers, that is, her sweet memories were passing. There was abundance and abandon . At once spring came forth. Radha Krishna's union is always associated with her *sakhis *-the comrades like the asto sakhis-Lolita ,Bisakha etc. Hence there appeared the comrades in colourful dresses . They were dancing, singing,plucking new buds to make garlands to greet the two beloved ones- Radha and Krishna. The new buds were blowing. How? There air blew gently. With this the flower plants also moved. As if the whole Nature took part and was happy with the union of Radha and Krishna. The entire stage bacame colouful and moving with coloufully clad comrades dancing,singing along with ever blowing new buds on the plants as well as on the hands of the sakhis. The sakhis wanted to wear saffron coloured dress. Why? Because Krihna was not there. At once the colour reminds us the Hindu sanyasi/nies who used to wear saffron coloured dress. This is the colour of mensturation of the holy mother. This colour means detachment from the hurly burly of the mundane world. And so Radha could not take part in any paltry day to day activity and not in any mirth and merry. At once we can hear the unheard sound -Krihna se to nei nei re. The ebb tide- the depressed mood of Radha prevailed . Her ears always heard Krishna's music-Yeno nishi din murali dhani suni /Ujan bohe prem Yamunari bari /Nupuro hoye yano he Bonochari/Chorono jaraye dhore kandite pari/ Mamo madhuro minati sono Ganashyama Giridhari†¦. And Radha could not but cry out and utter Gobinda! Gobinda! The pent up emotion at once got released . And Radha's mind became relaxed . And so did the river flow gaily. The high tide came instantly. In the third stanza we find Radha in a different mood. All passion being spent there was calm in mind. and in such a state on mind Radha imagined to visit the Mathura shrine. Rather now Radha was in a position to visit the Mathura shrine. If in the 1st stanza Radha ‘s conscious thoughts were described , it was on the surface level because the heifar used to gaze on the surface. nd Radha's thoughts were moving softly like the soft lowing of the cows. But as soon as Radha uttered the word Gobinda her thoughts could delve deeper Her stream of consciousness started to flow softly . Thus then at once the setting changed from the land to river. In the 2nd stanza her thoughts went deeper. May be it touched the pre-conscious level . Because there in the 2nd stanza in the dream like situation Radha could face her carnal desire towards Krishna. The imagery of pot, the buds , the dancing ,singing river water with high tide and ebb tide etc. all are suggetive to something associated with sexual acts. See, Inthe first stanza Radha ‘s mind was full of Krishna's beauty. Here she was con cerned of her beloved's physical charm. But then the rowers came and rowed gaily and they were all mirth and mery ( may be Physical /sexual enjoyment were imaginatively faced. ) To face a desire four square means to become free of it. That is why in the second stanza Radha's Mind became free from Physical desire rather she was concerned about Krishna's sound. But the river i. e. the stream of conscous now moved gaily. The charm of sight and sound cannot last long. Hence shorn of carnal desires Radha's love now can have the power to submit herself totally to her Beloved. Now neither her mind nor her body was disturbed . They had been burnt up and thereby emitting light and thus acting as torches. Radha's was now fit to meditate. Hence Radha in her mind went to the shrine. There she could find those bright lamps of pure love that gathered their brightness through penance. She with folded hands prayed not for herself but for us-the humanity as a whole; may be for all sentient and insentient odjects under the Sun. She asked not the union of Krishna but the well being of all and sundry by day and night. When those pure lights protect, who could dare to do any harm? Such catholicity of mind was at once applauded by gods also and the sound of conch-shell was heard as a sign of it.. May be this was the sound of Panchajanya -the conch shell that Krishna blew in the Kurukshetra at the begining of the battle). But now it was blown to declare that Radha had successfully over come her mean self-centred desires and she became victorious. But the desires, which were termed as Mara in the Buddhist literature, may be here personified . So they( the personified desires) were wroth just after the sound of the conch-shell odviouly they were annoyed as because they were defeated in their schemes to ensnare Radha. And unknowingly Radha uttered Govinda! Govinda! And her stream of consciosness shorn of all impurities became a river of bright light. T his imagery of brightness reminds me the story of Ahalya who became bright through her penance when Ram visited her ( in Valmiki)/touched his feet ( in Krittivasa) on the place where Ahalya stayed and observed penance . Hard Penance made Ahalya a woman to be remembered every morning as per Hindu Sastra. Similarly Radha the eternal consort of Krisna is being worshipped through out Northen India for her selfless pure love for Krishna. Because now onwards ,we may easily guess thatRadha's heart will ever remain lost in Krishna's worship in contrast of her earlier heart full of krishna's beauty, then her full of his music in the 1st two stanzas. We may easily imagine that now she can sit years after years in a meditative mood with her heart lost in Krishna's worship . It is said that even today also Radha is waiting in Brindavan for her Beloved Krishna. Essays SONG OF RADHA, THE MILKMAID —text and critical study by Mandira Chattopadhyaya Labels: Literary Criticism I carried my curds to the Mathura fair†¦ How softly the heifers were lowing†¦ I wanted to cry, â€Å"Who will buy The curds that is white as the clouds in the sky When the breezes of Shravan are blowing? † But my heart was so full of your beauty, Beloved, They laughed as I cried without knowing: Govinda! Govinda! Govinda! Govinda! How softly the river was flowing! I carried the pots to the Mathura tide†¦ How gaily the rowers were rowing! My comrades called, â€Å"Ho! Let us dance, let us sing And wear saffron garments to welcome the spring. And pluck the new buds that are blowing. † But my heart was so full of your music, Beloved, They mocked when I cried without knowing: Govinda! Govinda! Govinda! Govinda! How gaily the river was flowing! I carried my gifts to the Mathura shrine†¦ How brightly the torches were glowing! I folded my hands at the altars to pray â€Å"O shining ones guard us by night and by day†- And loudly the conch shells were blowing. But my heart was so lost in your worship, Beloved, They were wroth when I cried without knowing: Govinda! Govinda! Govinda! Govinda! How bright the river was flowing! Substance of the poem Radha, the milkmaid is carrying curds to Mathura (Krishna’s birthplace) where the spring festival is going on. Cows are lowing softly in the fields. Radha, wishing to give out her trade cry to sell her curds that is as white as the autumn clouds, instead, calls out My Lord! My Lord! Everybody laughs. The river Jamuna flows on softly, as if appreciating her chant. Radha reaches the bank of the river to cross by the ferry boat. Her female companions want to wear the saffron garments, the color of spring, and want to sing and dance and pluck the new buds. Radha’s heart swells with the music of her Beloved Lord Krishna. She cries in ecstasy when others humor her. The river Jamuna flows on joyfully regardless. Radha reaches, with her gifts of curds, the temple, where the torches are brightly burning. She folds her hands to pray to the deity, encircled by snakes, and prays for protection while the conch shells are blown. Her heart is lost to the vision of her Beloved Lord and she calls out the name involuntarily. Others become angry. But the river Jamuna flows on while her water dazzles in the light of the torches. A critical estimate of the poem The title of the poem transports us to another world, to an environment of fertility and abundance. Mother Nature abounds the earth with the flow of her liquid. This white liquid symbolizes affection and nurturing of life. Radha, the daughter of Mother Nature carries the liquid of life and growth to all living beings. Mathura is her destination where Krishna, the Divine Musician holds everybody mesmerized with his mystic presence. The heifers herald her arrival to Mathura where she will pour into the pots the liquid which she has brought- energy and power from the mother Earth. It is worth noticing that Sita, the other daughter of mother Earth also represents all that stand for productivity. Mathura is here the center of life and abundance. While the cow is the species, that represents the flow of life and abundance. Radha feeds and nurtures life. Even the clouds in the sky, white and creamy, are part of the resources of life. The clouds and breeze together produce rain to awash the earth with the energy and moisture that coaxes the dormant vitality into life energy. The time of the year should also be noted. It is the time of incessant rain, the month of Shravan (August- September), when the life- giving moisture bursts forth. Radha’s heart wavers from her task in hand. She yearns for her union with Divine Musician, a presence that encompasses every soul of Mathura. She is absorbed, heart and mind, in his mystic presence and the trade cry she is supposed give out does not come to her lips- only the name of Govinda, the Omnipresent, the Omniscient and the Omnipotent, coming spontaneously from her heart, reverberates. The poet, here, juxtaposes the two conceptions, the flowing of the river and Radha’s yearning for a communion with Krishna. Radha is presented in the poem in the first person. In the first stanza she refers to the commodity she is carrying. Her mind is somewhat attached to the earthly duties and nature of her work. Even in her surroundings she hears the cry of the heifers, an animal she connects with her trade. In the second stanza, her mind is drawn towards the joy and gaiety of nature. She feels the abundance in her heart Life is flowing everywhere. Dear Mantu We are nown drawn to Indian English literature and your attempt at decoding Sarojini is a wonderful effort to that end Yes Indian English literature could be successful only when India breathes through the language of the Teutonic school and here is an instance of success Ihave read your substance and critical comments with great interest and I have a few reflections on the poem that I submit before you Firstly Idont think that there is any clue in the text wherefrom we could infer that Krishna is at Mathura when Radha comes there Secondly though Vrindavan has not been mentoioned here it is clear that Radha comes from elsewhere to Mathura to sell her milk product She comes from the other side of Jamuna She comes from her village Mathura is a trade centre and town The poem on the surface dwells on a maid who comes to the town for selling milk product But her head is full of Govinda So instead of paying attention to her etting and spending and instead of giving her trade cry with gusto she unaware of herself cries aloud the name Govinda her sweetheart A wonderful portrait of a loveladen heart of a village girl Methinks the the heifers donot low at the place fair at Mathura They lowed whhen she was carrying her milk product and setting out for Mathura Then the Jamuna and the boat journey with her comrades and finally at Mathura at the fair and at the temple Thus four vignettes one afte r another pass by before our minds eye The prayer at the temple is very touching Because it is for achieving nothing great May all the gods protect us That is all Just as the naive boatman when encounters the godhead incarnated as goddess Annapurna in Bharatchandra only prays that her should remain well fed That is all These simple folks are very much unlike us They dont want to be a scholar or a scientist or a president Bush Me thinks that the truly Indian attitude towards life along with the breeze of the month of Shravan blows through the poem Mind you the poem has some riddles in it to ponder over The curds are as white as the clouds in the clear sky But the time when Radha crosses the Jamuna is Shravan when there no white clouds But Radha fails to announce the good quality of her curds Because the blue clouds of the month of Shravan seem to engross her Again it is Shravan to Radha when her comrades want to don saffron robes in harmony with the spring time So many seasons at the same time draws my attention Thuis all the seasons are subjective Jamuna flows between the place where Radha stays and the place where Radha works for money Jamuna is a chasm between the two worlds —-one where love reigns and the other where exc hange reigns The way you have interpreted milk is quite convincing Indeed it is from the villages that energy flows to rejuvenate the life in the cities On another level Go vinda might mean the centre of the earth or universe or the source of all light Of course Radha is the symbol of the earth Her heart is full of the longing for the skies There you read the myth of Gaia and Ourania Dyaus and Prithivi And you have legitimately brought Sita and Radha together. Regards Ramesh Dear Mandira, The beautiful poem -Songs of Radha the Milkmaid that you have selected from Sarojini Naidu's book of poems incites me to share something. I, myself am very much fond of *Kirtana *-the art form that sings basically the lila of Radha and Krishna,particularly the *Biraha *portion when Krishna left Radha in Brindavan and himself went to Mathura to perform another duty and activities. Radha remained ever engrossed in the thoughts of Krishna and waited for his return. Whenever any cart etc. came from Mathura she rushed there in the hope that her beloved must have come back . But in vain. The love-lorn Radha became more sad. I am giving below a song that portrays this in a poignant manner; Piya tora kaisa abhiman Saghana sawan laye kadama bahar Mathura se doli laye charo kahar Nahi aye nahi aye Kesaria balma hamar Angana bara sunsan Apne nayan se neer bahaye Apne Yamuna khud aphi banaye Lakh bar usme nahaya Pura na hoi asnan Phir pura na hoi asnan Sukhe kesh rukhe besh Manua bejaan In this backdrop I would like to give my interpretation. Radha had not actually gone to Mathura . Rather in her inner mind flashed what would happen had she gone to Mathura fair, Mathura tide,Mathura shrine respectively. In the Mathura fair she would sell her curd. As Radha did not have any idea about the life style of Mathura -the capital city,hence she imagined that heifers would be there and they were lowing softly in the hope of the union of Radha and Krishna as they had done in Brindavan. Radha would not sell milk;in its stead curd. Why? Because her love for Krishna that hand turned from milk to curd in the absence of Krishna/Gobinda . But it remained as pure and white as the white cloud of the sky. But mind that though Shravan breeze were blowing yet the cloud was white. How is it possible? As because Krishna was not with Radha hence there was Shravan breezes blowing in her mind/sky . Radha would sell her product only to Krishna Her mind was full of pure love for Krishna;( i. e.. the white cloud). After shower the sky becomes clear. So happened in case of Radha's mind. Unaware she uttered Gobinda! Gobinda. And even when her friends might laugh at her her pent up thoughts were released and her mind got a relief. Her conscious mind /the river started flowing softly. The other two stanzas may be similarly explicated. I resist myself to do that. Does it seem to be too far fetched . With love and with the hope to hear more from you. Dipika Dear Dipikadi, Thank you very much for your own interpretation of the poem. You are wonderfully lyrical and your point of view has added dimensions to the simple village girl's vision of her divine Beloved. Please write your point of view on the other two stanzas too. best wishes Mondira In the second stanza, Radha imagined that she went to Mathura with her pot. Within the pot Radha might have taken her love ,her longing for Krishna The imagery of pot at once reminds us of the individual body that separates us/here Radha from the union of our own god /Krishna. As soon as the earthen pot breaks there will be the eternal union. In this context, the word Mathura tide has a special import. Just as due to the attraction of the Moon there comes the high tide in the river,similarly Radha's mind and body- her heart and breast swelled up being attracted to Mathura where her beloved resides. But as high tide and ebb tide come and go in alternate manner,similarly Radha's emotion, feelings and demeanour changed- now elated and the next moment depressed. While she thought of her union with Krishna there came the high tide. And there was all mirth and merriment. Merrily merrily the rowers, that is, her sweet memories were passing. There was abundance and abandon . At once spring came forth. Radha Krishna's union is always associated with her *sakhis *-the comrades like the asto sakhis-Lolita ,Bisakha etc. Hence there appeared the comrades in colourful dresses . They were dancing, singing,plucking new buds to make garlands to greet the two beloved ones- Radha and Krishna. The new buds were blowing. How? There air blew gently. With this the flower plants also moved. As if the whole Nature took part and was happy with the union of Radha and Krishna. The entire stage bacame colouful and moving with coloufully clad comrades dancing,singing along with ever blowing new buds on the plants as well as on the hands of the sakhis. The sakhis wanted to wear saffron coloured dress. Why? Because Krihna was not there. At once the colour reminds us the Hindu sanyasi/nies who used to wear saffron coloured dress. This is the colour of mensturation of the holy mother. This colour means detachment from the hurly burly of the mundane world. And so Radha could not take part in any paltry day to day activity and not in any mirth and merry. At once we can hear the unheard sound -Krihna se to nei nei re. The ebb tide- the depressed mood of Radha prevailed . Her ears always heard Krishna's music-Yeno nishi din murali dhani suni /Ujan bohe prem Yamunari bari /Nupuro hoye yano he Bonochari/Chorono jaraye dhore kandite pari/ Mamo madhuro minati sono Ganashyama Giridhari†¦. And Radha could not but cry out and utter Gobinda! Gobinda! The pent up emotion at once got released . And Radha's mind became relaxed . And so did the river flow gaily. The high tide came instantly. In the third stanza we find Radha in a different mood. All passion being spent there was calm in mind. and in such a state on mind Radha imagined to visit the Mathura shrine. Rather now Radha was in a position to visit the Mathura shrine. If in the 1st stanza Radha ‘s conscious thoughts were described , it was on the surface level because the heifar used to gaze on the surface. nd Radha's thoughts were moving softly like the soft lowing of the cows. But as soon as Radha uttered the word Gobinda her thoughts could delve deeper Her stream of consciousness started to flow softly . Thus then at once the setting changed from the land to river. In the 2nd stanza her thoughts went deeper. May be it touched the pre-conscious level . Because there in the 2nd stanza in the dream like situation Radha could face her carnal desire towards Krishna. The imagery of pot, the buds , the dancing ,singing river water with high tide and ebb tide etc. all are suggetive to something associated with sexual acts. See, Inthe first stanza Radha ‘s mind was full of Krishna's beauty. Here she was con cerned of her beloved's physical charm. But then the rowers came and rowed gaily and they were all mirth and mery ( may be Physical /sexual enjoyment were imaginatively faced. ) To face a desire four square means to become free of it. That is why in the second stanza Radha's Mind became free from Physical desire rather she was concerned about Krishna's sound. But the river i. e. the stream of conscous now moved gaily. The charm of sight and sound cannot last long. Hence shorn of carnal desires Radha's love now can have the power to submit herself totally to her Beloved. Now neither her mind nor her body was disturbed . They had been burnt up and thereby emitting light and thus acting as torches. Radha's was now fit to meditate. Hence Radha in her mind went to the shrine. There she could find those bright lamps of pure love that gathered their brightness through penance. She with folded hands prayed not for herself but for us-the humanity as a whole; may be for all sentient and insentient odjects under the Sun. She asked not the union of Krishna but the well being of all and sundry by day and night. When those pure lights protect, who could dare to do any harm? Such catholicity of mind was at once applauded by gods also and the sound of conch-shell was heard as a sign of it.. May be this was the sound of Panchajanya -the conch shell that Krishna blew in the Kurukshetra at the begining of the battle). But now it was blown to declare that Radha had successfully over come her mean self-centred desires and she became victorious. But the desires, which were termed as Mara in the Buddhist literature, may be here personified . So they( the personified desires) were wroth just after the sound of the conch-shell odviouly they were annoyed as because they were defeated in their schemes to ensnare Radha. And unknowingly Radha uttered Govinda! Govinda! And her stream of consciosness shorn of all impurities became a river of bright light. T his imagery of brightness reminds me the story of Ahalya who became bright through her penance when Ram visited her ( in Valmiki)/touched his feet ( in Krittivasa) on the place where Ahalya stayed and observed penance . Hard Penance made Ahalya a woman to be remembered every morning as per Hindu Sastra. Similarly Radha the eternal consort of Krisna is being worshipped through out Northen India for her selfless pure love for Krishna. Because now onwards ,we may easily guess thatRadha's heart will ever remain lost in Krishna's worship in contrast of her earlier heart full of krishna's beauty, then her full of his music in the 1st two stanzas. We may easily imagine that now she can sit years after years in a meditative mood with her heart lost in Krishna's worship . It is said that even today also Radha is waiting in Brindavan for her Beloved Krishna.