Similarities Between Mayans And Ancient Cultures - 881 Words

Mayans are probably best known for their prediction of the world’s end in 2012 or their other various predictions of what might take place in today’s culture; some of which have come true some of which have not. The Mayans were certainly a very intelligent and interesting culture. From their belief in multiple gods to their practices of human sacrifice the Mayans took their beliefs and their religion very seriously. Mayan religion revolved around astronomy, nature and rituals. Like many other ancient cultures, the Mayans believed in gods that were symbolized by things like the sun, moon, stars and other natural elements. Religious practices were extremely important to the Mayans. They even went as far as to offer human sacrifices to the gods. Mayan land was divided into segments called polities or city-states. Sometimes the interactions between polities were civil and at other times it was violent. It was during these violent times that polities would capture people fro m other polities. These prisoners were either used as slaves or if they were of a high status they were used for human sacrifice. These human sacrifices were â€Å"deemed necessary to sanctify certain ritual occasions, such as the ascendancy to the throne by a new ruler or the dedication of a new building† (Smith). Basic human sacrifices consisted of public decapitation in the form of a celebration. It was particularly exciting if the ruler of another polity was captured and sacrificed. After the humans wereShow MoreRelatedEssay on Popol Vuh vs. Gilgamesh861 Words   |  4 Pagesmany similarities, themes characters ect. I personally would not call the two texts similar. In my opinion for two texts to be similar they must poses similar general themes that apply to the entire text, not small themes that only apply to portions of the text. In other words I believe that two texts can have similar events, yet have completely different meanings. Popol Vuh and Gilgamesh actually had more similarities than dissimilarities, but it is the significance of those similarities, notRead MoreSimilarities Between Civilizations And Civilizations958 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout history there have been similarities between civilizations, some of which were on separate parts of the world. Many scholars and historians have been baffled by the discoveries of these similarities due to the fact that these cultures were not only hundreds of miles apart but also were separated by hundreds of years. The ancient Egyptian civilization located in northern Africa around 3,100 B.C. is considered to be one of the cradles of civilization and also a major contributor to theRead MoreHistory: Spanish Colonization of the Americas and Spanish Conquest1021 Words   |  5 PagesThe Conquest and Colonization of the Caribbean and Yucatan by European, Resulted in significant cultural, biological environmental changes to both regions Maggie Jim Professor Ancient History [Date] 1. Briefly discuss (but in detail) the similarities/differences between the initial Spanish colonization of the Caribbean and the Yucatan. In your discussion include the initial reaction of the Taino and Maya to the presence of the Spanish and the rationalRead MoreHistory: Spanish Colonization of the Americas and Spanish Conquest1021 Words   |  5 PagesThe Conquest and Colonization of the Caribbean and Yucatan by European, Resulted in significant cultural, biological environmental changes to both regions Maggie Jim Professor Ancient History [Date] 1. Briefly discuss (but in detail) the similarities/differences between the initial Spanish colonization of the Caribbean and the Yucatan. In your discussion include the initial reaction of the Taino and Maya to the presence of the Spanish and the rationalRead MoreSimilarities Of The Mayan Civilization1102 Words   |  5 PagesDespite bearing some minor similarities the difference between Mayan artwork like the Cylindrical vessel with ritual ballgame scene and Pablo Picasso’s Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon are pronounced. The best way to understand the Mayan is to have some historical information about them. The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization from around 2000 BCE to 1500 CE. This civilization developed in areas like Guatemala, Belize, Mexico, Yucatà ¡n Peninsula, western El Salvador and Honduras. Ritual, religionRead MoreHuman Sacrifice And The Gods Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pagesto offer it to the gods.â€Å" The occurrence of human sacrifice can usually be related to the recognition of human blood as the sacred life force†(â€Å"Human Sacrificing†). The thought of human sacrificing may seem inhuman or uncivilized; however, in the ancient times, it was considered a prayer for better times. Human sacrificing was not only a ritual act to earn a god s favor, but also for a greater cause. Usually people would benefit luck, fertility for the land, and to win a war. Although, there’s evidenceRead MoreThe Origins Of The Ancient Civilization1308 Words   |  6 Pag esdisappearing? That is what happened to the Mayans. In a time span of only one hundred years, the whole Maya population was wiped out. There are several theories about the cause of their decline. Due to their disappearance the great Mayan inventions were lost in time until modern day anthropologists discovered that they made their own calendar and language along with many other things. What anthropologists do know for sure is that the Mayans were an ancient Mesoamerican civilization dating back to 250Read MoreThe Ancient Civilization1622 Words   |  7 PagesThe Mayans has always existed through the telling of their ritualistic practices or their calendar, but the fall of such an advanced civilization is perhaps the most intriguing story of all.To understand what causes great civilizations, it is vital to note the process of collapse in other civilizations, such as the great Roman Empire. Differences in time period, geographical landscapes, and other circumstances mean no direct correlations are possible, but the outstanding point of similarity is thatRead MoreThe History of Zero: Indian and Mayan Cultures726 Words   |  3 PagesZero is usually recognized today as being originated in two geographically separated cultures: the Maya and Indian. If zero was a place-holder symbol, then such a zero was present in the Babylonian positional number system before the fi rst recorded occurrence of the Indian zero. If zero was represented by an empty space within a well-defined positional number system, such a zero was present in Chinese mathematics a few centuries before the beginning of the Common Era. The absence of a symbol forRead MoreAztec Calendar Stone Essay examples1599 Words   |  7 PagesObtaining the knowledge that was passed down to them from earlier Mesoamerican cultures, the Aztecs carved the calendar stone in 1479 (Smith 253). At the time, the Aztecs lived in a very civilized world filled with amazing architecture, an impressively complex government system, and they also employed intricate systems of writing and calendric systems (Taube 7). The Calendar Stone was made by basalt stone. For the Aztecs, everything was pictorial in nature around this era. The calendar stone depicted

Ummary Of The Issues In The DHB Industries - 990 Words

Summary of the issues in the DHB Industries, Inc. case study. Background: DHB Industries, Inc. (DHBI) case study concerns an accounting and financial reporting fraud. DHBI made protective body armour for the US military. The former CEO of DHBI, David Brooks (DB), misrepresented DHBIs financial statements, mislead the independent auditors in order to conceal his fraudulent transactions and he misappropriated DHBIs assets and funds for personal expenditures. Main Issues: (1) Weak corporate governance and lack of internal accounting and financial reporting control. DHBIs lack of internal control helped DB to manipulate DHBIs profits. DBs intervention in the preparation of financial reports was beyond the Earning Management. DB†¦show more content†¦His business of making safety vests lacked safety standards and he did all the unethical business practice selfishly. Weak Internal Control From the above example it is clear that Brook controlled DHB solely and without any interference from any one. He had few of the employees as his allies in the wrongdoings. If anyone tried to interfere then they were threatened or were thrown out of the organisation. The Related Party Scheme Brooks also concealed the related party status of Tactical Armor Products (TAP), a company supposedly run independently of DHB by Brooks’ wife but in fact wholly controlled by Brooks. To conceal the scheme and deceive auditors and investors, Brooks created fraudulent multi-million dollar transactions and doctored internal DHB documents. The Accounting Frauds Brooks also engaged in accounting fraud schemes designed to increase the net income and profits that DHB reported in its press releases and filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) by falsely inflating the value of DHB’s existing inventory, adding non-existent inventory to the company’s books and records, and fraudulently reclassifying expenses. Lying to Auditors and Obstruction of Justice Brooks attempted to cover up several of the schemes by obstructing the flow of proper information to the audit process. Brooks and others submitted false reports to auditors and even

Get International Business Law Assignment from Law experts

Question 1 The International business law is concerned with the rights of business with each other and with international organizations. Domestic law is within the state and it concern with the rights of business within the state(Bartone, 2010). The domestic and international business law is very differing in mainly two aspects first of all the law making process and the enforcement. International law is an ever expanding field that controls the internal dealing of the business. Public and private international laws are the two components of the international law. The internal laws have some curious features like legislative, executive and judicial process. These elements find their approximate analogue in the international law(Bingham, 2010). The international law is a component of domestic and municipal legal system. International law participates in the growth of the business organization. Furthermore, it can be conclude that the international law is relevant to the exercise of domestic juri sdiction(DiMatteo, n.d.). Question 2 In the fundamental principles of Islamic commerce riba is prohibited and translated as interest and extra gain from the transaction. This principle highly affects the transactional dynamics of international contracts that is under Islamic law kg nd . In the western countries the bank provided loan to the customers in a condition that they will revert back the money with the appropriate interest. Therefore, the additional transaction is added in these particular transactions in terms of value of money and value of service. These kinds of financial transactions are prohibited as riba in the Islamic law. The payment and received of interest riba is strictly prohibited in Islamic justice. The prohibition of ribs is mainly applicable for the Muslim communities(Ansari, 2007). The word riba is derived from the rabic verb raba that means grow above. The principle prohibition of riba has several applications in the Islamic jurisprudence. In some Muslim countries the application of riba is legal like in the Untied Arab emirates it is legal but in Iran it is illegal. But in the case of banking sectors it is observed that the Iranian bank receives interest from the foreign transaction(Ferrari, 2008). The banks also paid interest; in this case the name of prohibition is changed from interest to profit. However the due to the globalization in the international market the concept of riba is only applicable when one of the parties are included in the Islamic law jurisdiction and the understanding of transactional dynamics of commercial transaction will be a extraordinary tool for the growth of the business in the Islamic countries kg nd , 2010). Question 3 A) In this specific case the shipping contract between the Armada (Singapore) and Gujarat NRE Coke Limited (Gujarat). An arbitration clause is consists in the contract, according to the clause any kind of disputes will be determined by three commercial men who are members of the Institute of Arbitrators in London. Therefore the rmada and Gujarat appointed two parties and these two parties will choose the third. According to the jurisdiction three awards were made by the arbitral tribunal for the consequences of hearings(Fontaine and De Ly, 2009). The first award awards deals with the jurisdiction of the arbitration tribunal and relying on the Arbitration Act 1996(UK Act) and it had a relevant jurisdictions. The tribunal is dismissed due to the Gujarat claim that is the two arbitrators appointed by the rmada is not commercial men. According to the arbitration clause the claim was produced not in time under the UK Act. The second award deals with the identification that Gujarat had bre ached the shipping contract or not and then how the damages will be assessed(Gray, 2012). According to tribunal Gujarat was in breach of the contract and smartly outlined the basis of the calculation damages methods. Finally the third award is about the damages awarded to Armada. After that the Armada commenced proceedings in the Federal court of Australia to enforce the there arbitral awards in Australia. B) There are several basic issues were illustrated in this section, Gujarat registered enforcement regarding all the three awards on the basis of five grounds(Heidemann, 2007). First of all the two arbitrators appointed by the rmada and Gujarat were not commercial men. Then the court decided according to the section 9 of the international Arbitration Act 1974 (Cth) was not applicable because the tribunal was not operating under the arbitration agreement. Therefore, the major basis ground is not available for the both companies. s they are not commercial men so the tribunal composition is not appropriate under the agreement that is required under section 8(5) (e) of the particular Act. Accordingly, the second award is not binding because it is referred to the future damages when the damages are not suffered by the company. The components of future damages made the enforcement of second award contrary to public policy (section 8) and most importantly the contract is regarding the sea c arriage document under the section 11 of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1991 (Cth) so the arbitration clause will not make any affect in this particular context(Janssen and Meyer, 2009). The federal court identified the results in favor of rmadas application established to a level that the three awards that express the binding upon Armada and Gujarat vary in all purpose. Gujarat has to make one of the important grounds indicated in the s 8(5) (e) and (f) because the subsection relied on by the specific party. The few grounds are made by the court first of all are lawyers commercial men it is included in the ground one and two. s because of the two arbitrators are not commercial men then the tribunal composition is not supported by the agreements(Knapp, Crystal and Prince, 1999). While submitting the arguments Gujarat relied on the section 8 of the IIA that outlined the recognition of the awards and in the section 9 that particularly indicates the evidence of awards and arbitration agreements. There the main issue is identified about the arbitrators appoint and the tribunal constitution. The court has the power to determine the cases of jurisdiction for itself and als o not bound to follow any kinds of findings of the arbitrators. The evidence from the correspondence between Gujarat and Armada states that the parties are agreed to appointment of the two arbitrators then Gujarat waives its right objects consequently(Li, 2013). Gujarat does not stop from challenging the appointment. The another important issue that is under the three and four grounds that is the future contractual damages contrary to public policy and it is found that Armada claim for the contractual damage is premature. The proper opportunity is given to the Armada that originates the application to enforce the additional awards after making the judgment. Therefore, the second awards do not deal with the future damages of the particular company. Finally the ground five deals with Carriage of goods by sea Act. In this section the results is identified that the arbitration clause remained valid(Magnus, 2012). Therefore, these are the various principles are relied upon the court on t he basis of five grounds. C) There are various freezing orders are made by the Foster J in May 2012. After that the orders retaining Gujarat from changing, disposing, dealing with the significant value of the shareholders in the capital of Gujarat NRE limited, which will remain a related corporation until further order is provide by the court(Mitchell and Powell, 2011). Foster J also states that Gujarat fails to make a specific case in support of the variation it sought. Another important and critical command is provide by the Foster J that the variation application only faintly pressed at [7 ] . The decision made by the federal court is encouraging among the international parties involved in the business entire Australia. The approach is selected for this particular case is pro-arbitration. This pro-arbitration approach is highly appreciated in Supreme Court. Furthermore, the Federal court made decision in favor of Armada application and three applications also enforce for the arbitration awards in Australia (Monahan, Young and Finlay, 2006). It was a reminder for the contracting parties that Australian courts will go with the arbitration agreements and will enforce awards, which made under the agreements. Question 4 A) Able Ltd has to follow several law issues regarding the sales contact in the US. The CISG can be followed for the law of the contract. Trade regulations, customs and standards must be maintained by the company to make an effective import business to the United States(Parker, 2007). The shipping company must be selected by the company and it is depends upon the several factors the specialization in the shipping of the particular materials but in recent days most of all the ships are available with the different size and shapes of cargoes. For the import of the mining equipments the special arrangement of the cargo is required. The export control is conducted under the military surveillance in the United States. The Export control Act. And the Export administration Act is applicable for importing the mining products(Picken, 2011). It is not a major requirement to analyze the laws and regulation before implementing an excellent business plan. General provision Article 1 a. In this part the international character and need is promoted uniformly in its application that will indicate the better faith in international trade. b. The general principles are enforcing in this particular area for the conformation for the applicable law in this purpose(Rothwell, 2011). Article 2 a. The intention of the partys understate in this area to determine the statements made by these parties. b. According to the provision one party is responsible for the required performance of any kinds of obligation by the other party(Sheehan, Rhoades and Stanley, 2012). The court is not bound to provide a judgment for the specific performance unless a significant law is applicable in order to similar contract of sale not govern by this convention. Article 3 a. The contract may be modified by the mutual agreement of the parties. b. A party can precluded by his performance from asserting such a provision to that particular extent that the another party has relied on that specific contract(Sullivan and Bell, 2009). Final provision Article 4 The Secretary General of the United Nations is assigned as the depository for this particular convention. Article 5 This specific convention will be applicable over this international agreement between the Able Ltd. And the supplier company in the United States. In this provision the parties will have their particular path of doing the business(Vardhan and Bayar, 2014). Article 6 a. In this convention a meeting will be conducted in the United States for the international sale of mining equipment and it will remain open for the signature by all states head quarters within the given deadline by the court. b. According to the constitution different kinds of laws are applicable for the matters dealt with this particular convention(Vrachnas, 2007). The conventions permit several declarations in order to make an effective business by maintain the rules and regulation of the United States. It is evident from the study that different kinds of law are available for the particular state therefore; depending upon the supplier state the law will be relied by the court.Furthermore, the court may declare they do not have any obligation of the buyer and the seller that is Able Ltd. And the US company(Wang and Zhang, 2012). It is possible to include CISG under the US law contract particularly in this specific case where two parties are doing business form the different States. The article 95 for the reservation and power can be applicable for this particular case. CISG applies in the contract of sales of goods and here the mining equipments are supplied to the bler Ltd. and the transaction is performing between the States(Bartone, 2010). The CISG is significant for the taxation and it brings closest relationship to the contracts and its performance. But it also has to keep in mind that CISG is not applicable for the significant parties whom does not aware about the different places of the business. As the contract is starting by governing the laws and regulations of the United States therefore, it can be applicable because due to the presence of the governing body the CISG can easily applicable. It is evident from the study that CISG is a part and parcel of contracting domestic laws between the two Stat es. In conducting international commerce the principles of parties autonomy is provided by the drafters(Bingham, 2010). B) Arbitration is a form of private binding, in which dispute resolution are conducted. With the help of this resolution they are emanates an agreement in between two parties. This type of agreement from the parties are regulated and enforced by the state. In Australia there are so many states have some requirements to make a contract of arbitrate obligation(DiMatteo, n.d.). This contract will provide a limited judicial supervision of arbitral proceedings and some support elements of arbitral awards. Sometimes this law has played an alternative dispute resolution to specify a legal alternative litigation in between two parties or two states. In this disputes both the parties are agreed to submit their respective positions for resolution. In this case parties must be considered about the arbitration contract. However, it is so important to do so where the both parties including their property are engaged in this type of arbitration. The lowers have some steps to place the futures by which they can provide a conclusive decision process towards the top of arbitration contract. This arbitration has some necessary process in which they can determine the contractual process(Ferrari, 2008). They are enforceability of conventions. In this process both the parties are enforcing arbitrating awards among worldwide for court judgement. There are so much little point to obtain a judgement from court by which they cannot enforced against suitable access of arbitration. The most important enforcement convention in Australia was held in the year of 1978. Being Able Ltd is a large importer in Queensland, so the choice of arbitration is formed in favour of this company. Another process is neutrality in which any party has made a valid contract to avoid resolving disputes through local courts of another party. In this type of arbitration the opportunities f or neutral resolution are applied with the help of international rules(Fontaine and De Ly, 2009). This rules are placed in a mutually venue to support the court judgement. There are no such type of wide-ranging arbitration convention are available to provide an enforcement of court judgments. Arbitration makes so many opportunities for dispute resolution in where both parties do not reach to make an agreement in advance. So in this type of agreement a greater risk are available over procedure to lead the delays. Now the choice of arbitration hasmade a change for the parties. Most developer has developed an arbitration laws to fulfil the agreement in between both parties. This law are required for all arbitrators term and condition. The parties to arbitration usually appoint, nominate or at least have some input into the selection of the arbitrator. During the revolution of industrial organization there are so many large companies has opposed this type of policy. Able Ltd can use the ir choice to make agreements with US government. They can also put the selection process to help the agreement system more perfect. Both the parties are usually seeking advice from their lawyers to sustain a suitable arbitrator form(Gray, 2012). The major arbitration rules are combined with so many national laws. These laws are providing some important methods for the appointment of the tribunal. This agreement has made in default agreement in between two parties. So Able Ltd importer has made a full payment to shipment under the US law. c) An international arbitration law is essential for an international mechanism in which Able importer has selected the Queensland law to settle the contract disputes. Now sae arbitration is repeated and there are no fixed rules or procedures are followed to change the international mechanism. With the help of international mechanism a matrix is formed, in which the matrix has affected variation of arbitration(Hopkins, 2009). Being dependent upon this quality and agreementof arbitration a procedure is formed in between the parties. This procedure has followed the terms and condition in between two states to refer a dispute arbitration rejection in many cases about law procedure. The simple agreement in between the two parties has referred some disputes about arbitration law in Queensland. This is a positive rejection from the national courts to produce procedure national law. Both thesefactors are directly controlled through a party autonomy. With the help of this choice all arbitration one party can make his own decision in between the two countries. The effect of party autonomy has achieved a major acceptation in worldwide in favor of dispute arbitration. This type of mechanism is resolving so many disputes from international transactions(Janssen and Meyer, 20 09). With the help of this transactions both the parries have been influenced the development and practices for internal arbitration laws. The right party has right choice to determine all aspects o about an arbitration system. This system is unquestioned in so many cases. With the help of these principle factors both parties are directly influenced to an international arbitration practice and this law has directly influenced the practice of judgmental decision of court. Able Ltd has also established the system to ensure maximum possibility of an enforceability of arbitration awards. The most significant affect has been approached to these awards, practices and policies. In some other cases, these influences are coming from a national law in which they are controlled by the parties(Knapp, Crystal and Prince, 1999).This practice is illustrated through an international award through which individual laws are affected. This project has many individuals completion. Australia is a partic ipant of arbitration law for both the New YorkConventionand Model Law.This is done throughan international arbitration act in between these two states. The enforceability of arbitral awards may be enforced in these factors to retain the utility and success of international commercial arbitration. More specifically, the enforceability from a foreign arbitral has some standard awards in Australia. They are likely a part of international commercial arbitration, in which many resolution mechanisms are coming in form of international commerce and trade(Li, 2013). So the judgement of Queensland arbitration award would recognisea force under the US legal system.

Symbol in 1984 free essay sample

Orwell truly demonstrates his literacy prowess and his mastery of rhetoric in his dystopian novel 1984 through his use of symbolism. There are numerous symbols present throughout the story which serve to expand the narrative. Some of the most effective implementations of symbolism in the novel directly relate to the story’s protagonist, Winston Smith. Orwell uses Winton’s varicose ulcer, the glass paperweight, songs and the rats as representations for Winton’s needs, wants, hopes and fears. Winston Smith lives in a world where individual thoughts and sexual instincts are forbidden. The varicose ulcer appears to symbolize Winston’s need to express his individualism as well as his need to fulfill his sexual desires. Both of these actions relate to Winston’s impulses and therefore it can be said that the varicose ulcer ultimately represents Winston’s needs. This symbol is introduced to us on the very first page of the book, moments prior to Winston’s first decisive act of rebellion: the creation of a diary. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbol in 1984 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After dating the first page however, Winston is struck with a sense of helplessness as he finds himself unable to express himself. At this moment, the varicose ulcer begins to itch unbearably and Winston is overcome by the impulse to express himself and starts scribbling in the diary. This is but one example of a scenario from the book where Winston’s varicose ulcer had begun to trouble him prior to him committing an irrational or impulsive act against the Party. Other examples include: Winston’s second diary entry and his trip to the proletariat bar and Mr.Charrington’s shop. In all of these cases Winston was overcome by the need to act against the Party, whether it was directly or indirectly. The varicose ulcer also relates directly to Winston’s suppressed sexual desires and his need to fulfill them. After he started seeing Julia regularly his wound improved, yet became engorged once they were separated. During his reformation the Party all but eradicated Winston’s individuality as well as his sexual desires. Coincidentally, Winston’s varicose ulcer ceased to be a problem. The varicose ulcer only became problematic when Winston suppressed his needs, regardless of whether it was the need to express his individuality or the need to fulfill his sexual desires. The most obvious symbol in the novel is the glass paperweight, which represents Winston’s desires. The reason for this is due to the fact that Winston considers this item to be a representation of the room above Mr. Charrington’s shop and frequently alludes to this analogy. In the novel he comments that â€Å"the paperweight was the room he was in, and the coral was Julias life and his own, fixed in a sort of eternity at the heart of the crystal. This stems from Winston’s desire to live in a world without the Party with Julia. In accordance with this symbolism, when Winston and Julia are finally arrested by the Thought Police, the paperweight is shattered on the floor. The paperweight also symbolizes Winston’s desire to reconnect with the past, or the â€Å"olden time† as he calls it. In the world of 1984, the Party falsifies the past in order to control its citizens. This tactic is summarized by the Party slogan: â€Å"Who controls the past, controls the future: who controls the present controls the past. For Winston, anything that contradicted or challenged the Party’s assertions was beautiful. In the book he comments to Julia that: â€Å"Its a little chunk of history that theyve forgotten to alter. Its a message from a hundred years ago, if one knew how to read it. † Thus the shattering of the paperweight ultimately represented Winston’s failure to defeat or escape the Party. Several songs are presented to the reader throughout the novel, yet only a few of these are considered to be harmonious and therefore musical. For example, Winston found that the Party’s propaganda music resembled war cries and commented that the Hate Song â€Å"had a savage, barking rhythm which could not exactly be called music, but resembled the beating of a drum. † But when Winston hears this same propaganda music sung by the red-armed prole, he finds the music enchanting and beautiful. Another instance where Winston shows appreciation for music is in the meadow, when listening to the thrush singing in the trees. In both of these cases, the music fills Winston with a sense of hope for the future. This is because Winston associates both of these songs with vitality and resiliency, traits which he believes will ultimately lead the proles to overthrow the Party one day. When listening to the red-armed prole woman from above Mr. Charrington’s shop, Winston theorized that the proles would rebel against the Party one day, and that until then they would â€Å"like birds, [pass] on from body to body the vitality which the Party did not share and could not kill. † Thus it can be said that the songs ultimately represented Winston’s hopes for the future. One of the most important symbols presented to us in the novel are the rats. This is because not only do they play an essential role in the climax of the story, but they are also used for the purpose of foreshadowing by the writer. In the novel, Winston made reference to a reoccurring nightmare he suffered from, where â€Å"something unendurable† waited on the other side of a wall of darkness. Winston acknowledges at this time, in a roundabout fashion, that the rats are what are waited for him on the other side. This is all a foreshadowing of the events that would eventually take place in Room 101, where Winston’s worst fear – the rats – are used to break him. Therefore, the rats are clearly a symbol of Winston’s fears. George Orwell’s employment of literary devices in the novel adds to the narrative and to effectiveness of his underlying message. The world of 1984 is portrayed to us through the eyes of Winston Smith, making him an important character in the novel. The four aforementioned symbols all relate directly to Winston, describing his desires and hopes, as well as his needs and fears. Orwell’s use of symbols serves to further describe the protagonist, which in turn makes the story more appealing and thought-provoking.