The Body Essay -- Sexuality

The social and cultural conditions in which we live in today continue to perpetuate and maintain the rape culture that pervades our lives, especially for the lives of individual women. As a feminist thinker, Ann Cahill works to change this by challenging current definitions of rape as assault, and addressing questions of why rape exists in the first place, and how we can begin the prevention process. In Cahill’s book, â€Å"Rethinking Rape†, she approaches the subject of rape by analyzing the works of contemporary feminist theorists like Judith Butler, who perceive the female body as a potential site of resistance against gender-based oppression and a â€Å"larger system of sexual domination† (Cahill 32). Although each is addressing very different issues in feminist theory, Cahill does draw upon some of Butler’s ideas about the imitation and performance of gender in Butler’s essay â€Å"Imitation and Gender Insubordination.† Cahill does t his in order to further articulate her critique of â€Å"the body† and the role it plays in the phenomenon of rape â€Å"as an embodied experience of women† at the level of the individual (Cahill 109). There are certain concepts besides the performance of gender that both Authors touch on including â€Å"the body†, heterosexual norms as inhibitions to attaining liberation, the relationship between sexuality and gender, and the problematic nature of social constructs. By comparing and contrasting the works of Cahill and Butler, this paper will explore the importance and complexities of â€Å"the body†, the pivotal role it plays in Cahill’s critique of the phenomenon of rape, and how Butler’s critique of â€Å"coming out of the closet† values the notion of gender â€Å"performativity† more than the notion ofâ€Å"the body† itself. Before de... ... feminine body so we internalize that ideal and subject ourselves to the â€Å"intrusive, expensive, and high maintenance practices in order to be rendered beautiful† (Cahill 155). There are a number of factors that play into the perpetuation of rape culture, the hierarchy of gender, and gender performativity. The one thing they all have in common that is essential to understanding how men have been able to oppress us for so long and continue to oppress us. â€Å"The body† is the one thing that can maintain our inferiority and powerlessness, but it can also be the one thing that can free us from the same system of oppression. Works Cited Butler, Judith. "Imitation and Gender Insubordination." The Second Wave: A Reader in Feminist Theory. Ed. Linda Nicholson. New York: Routledge, 1997. 300-15. Print. Cahill, Ann J. Rethinking Rape. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 2001. Print.

Ingvar Kamprad Leadership Essay

Business Leader Profile Ingvar Kamprad Founder of Ikea Retail Stores Why Ingvar Kamprad? Does the name Ingvar Kamprad mean anything to you? To most people it doesn’t and it's a testament to the fact that he built up a brand that is so powerful people recognize it immediately, while not tying it into, or even knowing, the genius behind it. The brand? IKEA! The reason why we chose this business leader is simple, Ingvar Kamprad is a businessman and the founder of IKEA with an estimated worth of $22. 5 billion dollars.Kamprad was born in the south of Sweden in 1926 and raised on a farm called Elmtaryd, near the small village of Agunnaryd. He is a great leader and one amazing thing about him is that he went into business early in life, selling matches as a schoolboy and also, very wisely for his age (or any age for that matter) Kamprad took his profits and used them to expand his operations, adding to his small line of goods with decorations of Christmas trees, fish, and seeds. He was learning the operational side of retailing, and he was learning it quickly and profitably.When Kamprad did well in school, his dad rewarded his with some money, and that was the seed to launch a company he named IKEA. He got the name from his initials I. K. , and then added the EA from the name of the farm and the town he was raised in – Elmtaryd and Agunnaryd. Don't think the idea of a furniture company was brewing in the mind of Kamprad with his new company, he still focused on smaller items, and for the most part look to the business of securing contracts of supplying pencils. Like in his younger years, Kamprad soon began to expand into all sorts of other areas, including everything from jewelry to male and female ccessories. He soon outgrew individual visits to customers and went into the mail order business on the local level, having the milk trucks deliver his products to his customers. When Kamprad first included furniture as part of the product line of IKEA, his i dea was to use local manufacturers to keep costs low and under control. That was in 1947. By 1951, furniture sales were so successful, he decided to drop all other products and focus on the furniture line alone. The first furniture showroom opened in 1953, and the rest is history.Almost immediately a price war started between IKEA and its chief competitor, and the inclusion of the showroom helped sway potential customers who were able to see and touch the quality before making their purchases. Like many great retailers, Kamprad was obsessed with controlling costs, and dedicated to finding new ways to do things at a less expensive level. That has been one of the major reasons behind the ongoing success of IKEA furniture sales and profits. Some people attempt to point out the fact that Kamprad has several properties he owns and so the frugal image is contrived.I have to disagree with that, because the reason he can afford some of these things is because he remained frugal within the c onstruct of his company, and so because he was able to put of instantaneous gratification, could then do whatever he wanted once he became wealthy. While there is some truth to the image part, it was also very much practiced by Kamprad. Many people think being frugal is being cheap in a negative way, and yet those best at it are the ones that serve their customers and employees at the highest level by giving customers the best deals possible, while at the same time offering longevity to employees.The best definition that reflects the idea of leadership for Kamprad is â€Å"Leadership is a kind of activity meant to influence behavior, beliefs and feelings of the group members in a certain direction. † (Wright, Peter L. and Taylor, David S. Improving Leadership Performance. Great Britain: Prentice-Hall International Ltd; 1984. p. 2). As Peter F. Drucker said â€Å"The leaders who work most effectively, it seems to me, never say â€Å"I. † And that’s not because t hey have trained themselves not to say â€Å"I. † They don’t think â€Å"I. They think â€Å"we†; they think â€Å"team. † This idea is mostly based on a simple word, and that word is â€Å"team†. Every leader who has this trait is surely to have great success simply because they don’t work and take decisions just on their own, they seek and welcome the help of employees, one of those leaders being Kampard of course. If we go back to Niccolo Machiavelli, we can see that he once said that â€Å"The first method for estimating the intelligence of a ruler is to look at the men he has around him. and it a really smart and correct thesis, because in order for a leader to successfully empower his organization he needs employees, but not just any employee, they have to be creative, loyal and intelligent in order to really be useful to their organisation. So while cost control is a major part of the IKEA success story, the empowerment of its custo mers is as well, which is brought about from a highly committed and talented design team. Leader’s position in organizational structure „In an hierarchical system, participants take for granted what the participants with the higher position defines† (Becker, 1998).In other words, social actors in the labor market believe what the professionals (leaders, professors, mass-media) define as leadership, considering that the privilege formal position brings privilege information and ethics. This is not a valid statement if we look into the organizational structure at IKEA. Anecdotes about Kamprad abound. When his father complained that Ingvar slept late in the morning, Ingvar got himself an alarm clock, set it for six o’clock, and yanked away the off button. According to Kamprad, we should all divide our lives â€Å"into 10-minute units, and sacrifice as few of them as possible in meaningless activity. Though past 80, Kamprad still travels the world to visit new IKEA stores. He flies economy class, calls his employees â€Å"co-workers,† encourages everyone to dress informally, stays in cheap hotels and even replaces bottles from the hotel room mini-bar with cheap bottles bought in local supermarkets. He gives no interviews. As far as setting an example through his actions, Kamprad flies only economy class, drives a 15-year-old vehicle, and focuses on little things for his workers like writing on both sides of the paper, and other frugal practices. That has helped IKEA remain on the top of a highly competitive market.Critics of these stories say they seem intended to reinforce the company’s no-nonsense brand and encourage cost-awareness among company staff. They point out that Kamprad may be the world’s richest man, that owns several lavish houses around the world, and that it would be ludicrous to assume a man of such wealth would not use any of it for private purposes. If you've ever read IKEA literature, catalogs or advertising, they reinforce their and Ingvar Kamprad's motto of not only existing to make improvements in the lives of people, but to improve people themselves.With that in mind, the way the stores themselves are set up and the design of the furniture built with the idea of being very simple to assemble, it generates the healthy idea of self-sufficiency, which helps empower people and make them feel good about themselves. Leader or non-leader; manager or leader If we would be to make a list with leader and non-leader and manager traits we would easily see that Ingvar Kampard is a leader, not only that, he is a good example for hundreds of people out there who thrive to become leaders themselves. If we look closely at Kampard we can see that he is a proactive an, he believes in people following examples, he motivates and inspires top results and has great strategic orientation. If a leader is not like this, then as Abraham Maslow said †If the only tool you have is a hammer, you tend to see every problem as a nail. †. Based on interviews with employees at IKEA, Ingvar Kamprad is a good example of leadership because he strongly expresses the organisational value of IKEA through his behaviours. Thereby, all the IKEA employees (from top management to co-workers) follow this organisational value as a framework.In addition, the leadership style of management position also was influenced through strong organisational value. Employees have used descriptives such as „role model† and „father† when speaking about Ingvar Kamprad thereby denoting the familial nature of IKEA corporate culture. If we apply the model of leader vs. Manager described by Abraham Zaleznik – Ingvar Kamprad is the epitome of business leader. All of this is based on his empathic relationship with his co-workers and employees. By setting examples and inspiring, he also sets the company’s overall direction by altering the direction of its employees.One of his subordinates characterises his leadership style as a „teacher†. Senge (1990) and Max de Pree(1990)’s theory states that a leader should be a teacher in the organization „ †¦ much of the leverage leaders can actually exert lies in helping people achieve more accurate , more insightful and more empowering views of reality, when the leaders carrying out stewardship (Senge, 1990: 353)†, according to Senge (1990). The roles that leaders should play is exactly how Kamprad has been doing for so long. Creativity As Teresa M. Amabile once said „Keep doing what you are doing†.Or if you want to spark innovation, rethink how you motivate, reward, and assign work to people. † What is business creativity? We tend to associate creativity with the arts and to think of it as the expression of higly original ideas. Think of Pablo Picasso reinvented the conventions of painting or how William Faulkner redefined fiction. In business, originali ty isn’t enough. To be creative, an idea must also be appropriate, useful and actionable. Within every individual, creativity is a function of three components : expertise, creative-thinking skills and motivation.Expertise is, in a word knowledge – technical, procedual and intellectual. Creative-thinking skills determine how flexibly and imaginatively people approach problems. Do their solutions apend the status quo? Do they persevere through dry spells? Not all motivation is created equal. An inner passion to solve the problem at hand leads to solutions far more creative than do external rewards, such as money. This compenent – called intrinsic motivation is the one that can be most immediately influenced by the work environment.Senior manager at IKEA strongly believes that IKEA is a creative organisation based upon home-furnishing company; IKEA has to be creative within value â€Å"efficiency and cost conscious†. This reason makes IKEA differ from other companies because it is not easy to produce a good product at low price. Furthermore, IKEA has a strong organisational value that every employee should concern as follows: †¢ Togetherness †¢ Cost consciousness †¢ Respect †¢ Simplicity IKEA follows a model of „family business† because at its inception, Ingvar Kamprad was developing it as a family business which eventually grew to outstanding proportions.Due to this, most of his own ideeas like the simplicity and togetherness have actually become some of the company’s most important organizational aspects. IKEA is an extremely creative organisation because IKEA allows employees to work in freedom and are open for trying new ideas. To demonstrate clearly, when employees have concepts, it is important to express their concepts to the manager in order to consider whether it is possible to develop and make this concept concrete. The respondent emphasises that â€Å"It does not take a long time, if you have a really good idea.This creative idea will be developed and spread out to use at every store of IKEA in the world Moreover, the organisation also encourages employees to continually learn from their own experience and also other’s experiences such as co-workers. As a result, employees are able to complete their own tasks as well as generate new ideas that make IKEA different from other companies. Leadership styles Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people. Kurt Lewin (1939) led a group of researchers to identify different styles of leadership.After a complete analisys of all three styles(autocratic, democratic and delegative) we have reached the conclusion that Ingvar Kampard is most of the times a Participative(democratic) leader. This style involves the leader including one or more employees in the decision making process (determining what to do and how to do it). However, the leader maintains the final decision making authority. Using this style is not a sign of weakness, rather it is a sign of strength that your employees will respect. But of course, he is not always using this style, since every problem requires a different style.Besides the fact that Kamprad is one of the wealthiest living people, he is also an impressive leader. The leadership style he embodies is one of personal example. Though he has billions of dollars, Ingvar is reluctant to a life in luxury. People confess seeing him haggling in the market and dining together with his wife in cheap, dirty places. His image makes up for billion words. Black worn out shoes, cheap glasses and a grey faded coat dress up the billionaire in most of his rendezvous. Taxis are substituted with public transportation like busses and subways and, luxurious jets with low-cost airlines.By his daily routine and his habits of living in an artificial poverty, Ingvar Kamprad embodies the average IKEA customer. â€Å"I look at the mo ney I'm about to spend on myself and ask if IKEA customers could afford it. † â€Å"If I start to acquire luxurious things then this will only incite others to follow suit†¦ †. Ingvar considers himself to be an example for all others and tries to appear as a normal individual. In â€Å"A Furniture Dealer’s Testament,† Kamprad suggests that â€Å"IKEA people do not drive flashy cars or stay at luxury hotels. †, â€Å"How the hell can I ask people who work for me to travel cheaply if I am traveling in luxury? he asks. â€Å"It’s a question of good leadership. † From a young age, Ingvar learned what working hard meant and what a strong bound truly is. He is a preacher of the religion of simplicity and during over half a century, along the constant growth of his company, numerous others joined in. According to Plato, the mob is a â€Å"big and dangerous animal† which must not be underestimated. What kind of strategy could work with masses rather than a leader of their status? Governments have fallen and people died along time only to protect the need of having a representative leader which could alike them.Ingvar Kamprad succeeded in building up a truly simple and productive leadership style only by regarding himself as equal as and never more important than the commoner. Nicolo Machiavelli stated: â€Å"Religion is not important because of the truth it holds but because of its efficiency in maintaining control over masses†. In our case we have little to do with angry mobs but with the angry way in which money are wasted by a company or individual in matter of costs. Kamprad understood this fact and built a distinctive corporate culture which comprehended his true nature.In contrast, the famous RJR enjoyed the expense of private planes and luxury and unlike our billionaire, success was only passing by. Warren Buffet’s mentality resembles the one IKEA’s Founder and together with the m indset, the income is comparable. Coming again to Plato, the philosopher once said „Those who rule must provetheir leadership abilities. A person can be trained to be a good ruler, but we have to distinguish between superficial competencies (oratory) and profound competencies (developed with the help of philosophy). The ruler has to guard not only the peaceon the ship but also to know which wayto sail and ow. † Ingvar’s thinking is flexible and innovative. Mistakes are praised and considered as the most important link to success. He is without regard a transformational leader. His style motivates people and defines a new way of thinking. Ingvar also connects with his followers and is a source of inspiration for younger generations. Bernard M. Bass, after decades of research and experimentation, regards transformational leaders as the leaders who recognize the needs of the followers and in addition tends to go further and satisfy higher needs of the follower.All of these actions are aimed to propel the follower on a higher tier in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Whereas common leadership or transactional leadership seeks only to maintain the satisfaction of the individual, transformational leadership looks into enchanting the well-being of the followers in order to achieve a higher outcome alongside with their happiness and devotion. This gap between the leadership styles is what I believe to be the main reason for the existence of excellent, world-changing people, in contrast with the unsuccessful ones.Their view of the world is their most precious asset and how they regard to others is the main secret of conquering unreached heights. Due to the fact that Ingvar Kamprad has a unique way to behave with the employees of IKEA and tries to enrich them with traits so important for the success of both the corporation and the employee’s leadership skills, I believe that Kamprad is a brilliant representative of Bass’s beliefs. Kamp rad could also be considered to be a Level 5 leader according to Jim Collins’s â€Å"Good to Great†. Ingvar greets the uncommon and is on a constant quest for taking apart obstacles which lie between failure and success.His constant struggle for reaching excellence in everything he does could be clearly seen in the process which I would like to call â€Å"building the empire of self†. His focus on the main purpose, the one of bringing innovative furniture in each and every household and changing the lives of many by simplifying their existence, assured his success and the status of one of the greatest business managers and leaders to have ever existed. A Napoleon of the furniture industry, Kamprad was. Close to followers, talented and emotionally involved were some principles he used during his reign.Thus many would say he received divine help, he started as a common man. Only his devotion and hard work made the difference. Garry Gemmill and Judith Oakley refer to a leader as a Messiah or a savior and hardly agree with the concept of a leader as a creator. Moreover, they state that â€Å"Leadership is nothing else but a myth propagated in order to keep everybody else quiet and nice. † . They might be right but in my consideration, this words do not apply to the hero we analyze in this project. Ingvar strongly encourages creative discussions within the company and his actual position is one of a leant and a symbol of excellence.David Goleman on the other hand expresses, in his work â€Å"What makes a Leader? † some traits which could help us identify other traits of the IKEA Giant. Goleman places a great emphasis on emotional intelligence and connects the status of a leader according to it. The main skills David puts behind a glorious leader are Self-awareness, Self-regulation, Motivation and the abilities to relate to others – Empathy, and Social Skill. Ingvar seems gifted with emotional intelligence when managing peop le and events. Happiness is in his opinion the greatest asset an IKEA worker should possess.An excellent business man and an excellent time manager he proved to be during many occasions and time only knows when the world could inherit another great leader such as Ingvar Kamprad, the Swedish Scotsman. Conflict management style â€Å"The Ikean culture, which was directly linked to Scandinavian culture, valued simplicity and informality, frugality, humbleness, responsibility, and the constant will to renew. † The company initially sold furniture provided by numerous suppliers. As time passed, competition started to corrupt the suppliers and as a result, Ingvar decided never to trust others than himself.It was a turning point in the history of IKEA which now started to produce its own furniture. A moment of conflict and lack of trust turned into a brilliant idea and started to place the organization on the path to success. Another turning point in Ikean history was by the time an employee decided to disassemble the furniture in order to transport it by car. Kamprad saw this particularly insignificant moment of conflict as a possibly gorgeous opportunity for the future. From that point onward, the furniture company started to differentiate and build up not just furniture but a light, innovative, easy to use and cheap type of furniture.The most significant property Ingvar’s furniture has is its ability to be assembled by the customer and offer him the joy of putting the puzzle pieces together. Price was amazing. IKEA furniture was 50% cheaper than the competition and besides this important factor; it was more than friendly and practical. Ingvar once was accused of being a Nazi supporter due to the fact that he attended to their meetings on numerous occasions. The conflict took a serious impact on Ingvar’s personality and started to shift its public perception in a truly negative way.However, the conflict was in some manner consumed when Kamprad composed letters of apology to all his employees and people whom he disappointed. He recognized that he made a mistake and that it was a dark chapter in his existence which shouldn’t have happened. Questioning the status quo is Ingvar’s best way in dealing with everyday problems and through his successful career they were many. To begin with, the more IKEA grew, the more Ingvar’s problems developed. Alcohol, Nazi support and deaths at the opening of a store were only the biggest of them.Despite the severity of the problem, the modesty, humanity and determination always brought Ingvar on the right track. For the IKEA founder, conflict never ceased to be functional. It helped both him and the employees remain focused and constructive. It generated growth, activated learning, maintained excellent interpersonal skills and gave a different perspective over issues. The main conflict management style of his was collaborating. In almost every occasion he and the employe es formed a team and everyone is expected to contribute with anything they can.Departments are structured on the philosophy of sharing ideas and support. Also, there is a win-win situation between IKEA and its customers. On the one side, IKEA has tremendous profit margins (about 16% – almost two times higher than other furniture retailers) and sells for tens of billions annually and on the other side, the customer benefits from exceptional quality and practicability for the given money. Ingvar’s mentality (comprehended by the Business Harvard Review: How Management Teams Can Have a Good Fight) is one of creating common goals. The company and he was an impeccably motivated and determined group of people.Creative and interpersonal relations are also highly praised within a company and IKEA makes no exception. In his work, Kenneth W. Thomas, refers more and more to the importance of conflict in an organization. Throughout a sustained study of the great players in the corp orate world, the mesmerizing power of a poorly managed conflict is revealed. Too many companies suffer great reductions in income and performance due to this mostly overlooked default. Using a bi-dimensional representation, Thomas expressed the whole conflict issue using 5 elements – Avoiding, Accommodating, Compromising, Competitive and Collaborative.The IKEA model works entirely based on the Collaborative model due to the fact that it is mostly a win-win situation in which both the company and the employee reach a high level of fulfillment. Conflict can also be managed using a system of rewards resembling the one parents use for their children. It might be unexpected but I believe this is an awesome way to educate outsiders and to make them behave according to a reward. Despite the fact that it might be a bit manipulative, the rewards system is a good way to achieve a prosperous work environment.However, if good is not enough for a company, this system could be substituted by one composed of amazing people, highly talented and qualified personnel which requires little training and can propel the company to new heights. The ideal way in which I believe conflict could be turned into a powerful creative force is through the use of Virtuoso Teams. Despite the fact these kinds of teams require a constant action and an important continuous goal. Jeff Weiss and Jonathan Hughes express in their â€Å"Accept-And Actively Manage Conflict† the necessity of conflict in a prosperous working environment.After and during the Industrial Revolution, people and mostly employees were kept under and oppressive working regime which limited their creativity and power to change their condition. Riots were common and worker unions started to prosper. However, the work was dull and no sane man could cope with it more than a few years. Now, a century later, conflict is comprehended as a powerful tool. Just thinking about the Olympiads or a race between two close friends is more than enough in order to have an insight into the invisible motivation a challenge releases.The same principle applies in the development of Ikean furniture. People have a â€Å"Vojna Idej† (War of the Ideas) and as a result breakthroughs occur. However, due to the fact this war of ideas is hardly sustainable in time, there must be a boundary composed of the corporate vision and goal. I believe that none of the amazing commercials and ways of presenting the company could have emerged without a nearly balanced conflict management system. Weather we think of the cleverly designed buss stations or the exquisite TV commercials, IKEA is a sign of greatness. EthicsBusiness ethics (also corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations. Busin ess ethics reflects the philosophy of business, one of whose aims is to determine the fundamental purposes of a company. If a company's purpose is to maximize shareholder returns, then sacrificing profits to other concerns is a violation of its fiduciary responsibility.Kamprad began to develop a business as a young boy, selling matches to neighbors from his bicycle. He found that he could buy matches in bulk very cheaply from Stockholm, sell them individually at a low price, and still make a good profit. From matches, he expanded to selling fish, Christmas tree decorations, seeds, and later ballpoint pens and pencils. When Kamprad was 17, his father gave him a cash reward for succeeding in his studies. IKEA was founded in 1943 at his uncle Ernst's kitchen table. In 1948, Kamprad diversified his portfolio, adding furniture.His business was mostly-mail order. The acronym IKEA is made up of the initials of his name (Ingvar Kamprad) plus those of Elmtaryd, the family farm where he was b orn, and the nearby village Agunnaryd. Kamprad has lived in Epalinges, Switzerland since 1976. According to an interview with TSR, the French language Swiss TV broadcaster, Kamprad drives a 15-year-old Volvo 240, flies only economy class, and encourages IKEA employees always to write on both sides of a paper. He reportedly recycles tea bags and is known to pocket the salt and pepper packets at restaurants. In addition, Kamprad has been known to visit IKEA for a â€Å"cheap meal. † He is also known to buy Christmas paper and presents in post-Christmas sales. The firm he created is still known for the attention it gives to cost control, operational details and continuous product development, allowing it to lower its prices by an of average 2-3% over the decade to 2010, while continuing its global expansion. Kamprad explains his social philosophy thusly in his â€Å"A Furniture Dealer's Testament,† â€Å"It is not only for cost reasons that we avoid the luxury hotels.We don't need flashy cars, impressive titles, uniforms or other status symbols. We rely on our strength and our will! † Despite this, Kamprad allows himself some luxuries; he owns a villa in an upmarket part of Switzerland, a large country estate in Sweden, and a vineyard in Provence, France; he also drove a Porsche for several years. Ingvar Kamprad had made two „big mistakes†. From 16 to 25, Kamprad was a friend and follower of Per Engdahl, the leader of the quasi-fascist, pro-Nazi Neo-Swedish movement. Engdahl attended Kamprad's first wedding in 1950.Kamprad only terminated his involvement in 1951. When the scandal broke in the early 1990s, Kamprad wrote to his employees: â€Å"You have been young yourself. And perhaps you find something in your youth you now, so long afterwards, think was ridiculous and stupid. In that case, you will understand me better. † He also apologized in a television interview and said he had not fully understood what the Neo-Swedish movement was about. And the second happened while working with furniture manufacturers in Poland earlier in his career, Kamprad became an alcoholic.He has, however, stated that his drinking is now under control. In 1947, Kamprad introduced furniture into the IKEA product line. The use of local manufacturers allowed him to keep his costs down. The furniture was a hit, and in 1951, Kamprad decided to discontinue all other product lines and focus on furniture. In 1953, the first IKEA showroom opened. It came about because of competitive pressures. IKEA was in a price war with its main competitor. The showroom allowed people to see it, touch it, feel it, and be sure of the quality before buying.Kamprad's vision has been the driving force behind IKEA's succcess. IKEA hires its own designers, who have received numerous awards over the years. Kamprad believes that the company exists not just to improve people's lives, but to improve the people themselves. The self-service store design and ease of assembly of their furniture are not merely cost controls, but an opportunity for self-sufficiency. This vision is reinforced in their advertising and catalog, as well. Kamprad has been extremely shrewd in creating IKEA's organizational structure.It is owned ultimately by a Dutch trust controlled by the Kamprad family, with various holding companies handling different aspects of IKEA's operations, such as franchising, manufacturing, and distribution. IKEA even has an investment banking arm. Kamprad has repeatedly resisted pressure to take the company public, feeling that it would slow their decision-making processes that have allowed their phenomenal growth. On a final note This leader and founder of IKEA is an Old – School Business man that made mistakes in his teens. His mistakes were that of an average teen that dreamed at glory and power or of that of an overworked man.He weakes up at 5am in the morning, every day and sometimes arrives at the IKEA store before the first truck. Ingvar Kamprad treats all his employees with respect and calls them co-workers, he recycles and he tries to persuade his employees not to buy expensive cars and big villas in countries that are reprezented as dots on the World map. Ingvar Kamprad built IKEA from scratch and he worked very hard so that the comapany became what it is today. Finally, he is a man that was interested in being a business man since he was a child.He is a much respected man and a wonderful example for future leaders and it was a pleasure for our team to work out together in order to realize this portfolio about Ingvar Kampard. I hope you enjoyed reading our essay as much as we enjoyed writing it. ( Questions Are there strong parallels between theory and organizational environment, reflecting your understanding of reality? -Based on our understandings the reason for that is most experiences in organizations have autonomous processes which are self-replicating and form themselves randomly by gro up decision.Theory is embedded only when it is actually considered firsthand Did you use various perspectives to analyze the leader? -We have extended our search into various perspectives about Ingvar Kampard, such as private life, workplace and even his â€Å"fun† time. How many problems or â€Å"bugs† did you identify in the theory or practice of leadership? -As far as we’ve gone into research, we were not able to find many bugs in the practice or the theory of our leader, only minor mistakes that are now â€Å"buried† underneath the ground. Do you have a critical approach to leadership? Our approach towards leadership is pretty much critical but not to a higher extent Did you use tables, logical schemes or graphics to illustrate your ideas? -At our meetings we needed to put up our ideas somewhere so we used logical schemes that we followed and established by ourselves and after that we transferred the info onto paper. Are your ideas backed-up by eviden ce? – The evidence is provided in the form of surveys and results conducted by people with authority to perform such research. Some evidence may be anecdotal, lacking any form of statistical analysis.However most of the data is falsifiable (both in theory and practice) hence observable in different ways, so that reality can speak for itself instead of giving evidence or proving points. Did you use relevant and important papers/authors? -We have used relevant and also important papers/authors/articles. Did you use both academic and professional sources? -Yes we did. One of our most important sources were the Harvard Business Reviews Reference: fondatorul-ikea/ ———————– [pic]

The Implications of Water Pollution - 1513 Words

The Consequences of Water Pollution Annually, 90 million people add to the current population of 6.5 billion. At this rate the global population will reach approximately 8.5 billion by 2025 (http://dieoff.org/page120.htm). As the global population grows exponentially, so does the demand for natural resources. Of all these natural resources, water, is the most vital for survival and expansion. Humans dependency on water will never go away, making it a key part to any civilizations future. It is used daily for purposes such as: drinking, washing, bathing, sustaining agriculture, acquiring energy, and transporting goods. All of which help sustain a societys stability. In Jared Diamonds book, Collapse, he reveals similarities and†¦show more content†¦Main sources of water pollution include: industrial discharge of chemical wastes and byproducts, surface runoff containing pesticides or fertilizers, acid rain caused by industrial discharge of sulfur dioxide, discharge of contaminated or heated water used for i ndustrial processes, surface runoff containing spilled petroleum products, silt runoff from construction sites and farms, discharge of poorly treated or untreated sewage, excess nutrients added by runoff containing fertilizers, and underground storage tank leakage leading to soil contamination. Each source of pollution correlates to one or more of the twelve processes through which past societies have undermined themselves by damaging their environment. Thus, water pollution is considered to be a contributor to a possible collapse. Industry is responsible for the majority of water pollution because its practices produce several contaminants. The combined industrial discharge of chemical wastes and byproducts pollute rivers, lakes, and oceans by producing organic and inorganic contaminants that enter groundwater and soil, which can compile at the bottom of oceans. Subsequently, industrial discharge significantly increases the acidity of water. Heavy metals toxicity combined with increases in acidity yields water that cannot sustain life that it once could. TheShow MoreRelatedAlex Wiley. Geo1110 Geology. Mrs. Ma. 2 February 2017 .1186 Words   |  5 PagesFuture Water Supply The water supply on earth plays a huge role in daily lives. You need to have clean water to drink, do laundry and water your garden. Since water is necessary, the future water supply is very important for future generations. They will need clean water to use daily. Society can not let the water become so polluted and unsanitary that future generations can not use it for their daily needs. Water supply is affected by humans and the area surrounding the water. The water supplyRead MoreGlobal Climate Change On Natural Disasters And Agricultural Production1308 Words   |  6 Pagescultural and regulating services that they provide (World Bank, 2007). Clean water is one of the critical resources provided to man by ecosystems. As such, the ecosystem concept has been elevated as a fundamental attribute for human development. Maintenance and access to ecosystem services has consistently been associated with better health and economic outcomes. Human health risks originate from traditional forms of pollution and broader pressures on ecosystems, ranging from reduction and degradationRead MoreSustainability and Urban Development1428 Words   |  6 Pagesperspective assumes that the market will allocate resources in the most efficient way possible. Yet there are many externalities that often left out of this model such as clean air, clean water, and the carrying capacity of the Earths natural systems. For example, when someone used oil as a source of fuel, the pollution from its use is not counted in the standard economic perspective. Furthermore, the fact that oil is a nonrenewable resource is also not effectively included in these models. SustainableRead MoreEssay On Environmental Pollution1605 Words   |  7 Pagesissue of environmental pollution, especially soil, water, air and thermal pollution. This has caused some people to leave their homes, animals to die and even children to become sick which is quite disheartening. This paper addresses the environmental pollution problem by looking at the causes, the effects, and some possible remedies or solutions that we can employ. It engages in online research as well as field research. Introduction Environmental pollution is a severe problem thatRead MoreWater Pollution in Bangladesh1429 Words   |  6 PagesWater Pollution in Bangladesh INTRODUCTION Water is the most vital element among the natural resources, and is crucial for the survival of all living organisms. The environment, economic growth and development of Bangladesh are all highly influenced by water - its regional and seasonal availability, and the quality of surface and groundwater. Spatial and seasonal availability of surface and groundwater is highly responsive to the monsoon climate and physiography of the country. Availability alsoRead MoreEthical Dilemmas : Ethical Dilemma Essay1355 Words   |  6 Pagesethical dilemma as an Environmental Engineer for MeatNZ, as his dilemma has no obvious answer. In his situation at his work, Marvin poses a dilemma about whether or not to report the company’s excess water discharge into the local lake to the Ministry. Although there is a legal limit to how much water this company is allowed to dump into this lake, there are supposedly not many negative consequences to either side of this dilemma. Because the decision of this dilemma is not so clear, it can be seenRead MoreContamination Of Air And Water Resources898 Words   |  4 PagesContamination of air and water resources by exposure to landfills, and its consequences in the form of various implications on human health and environment, has made people alert and aware of the issue. This attitude has led to formulation of certain laws and policies by Federal Government while choosing a site for the construction of landfill, ensuring that all the requirements are met, and directions are followed as laid by the regulatory authorities. Location, functioning, design, nearby water reserves, closureRead MoreExtracting Natural Gas From Shale And Other Rock Formation1465 Words   |  6 Pagesmajority of this gas was not economically reachable. However over the past decade, two new technological advancements recently combined allowing extracting of the gas. This process is known as hydraulic fracturing, in which extremely high pressured water with addi tional chemicals forced two to three kilometers in the ground is extracting the gas. The manufacturing sources claim that fracking has produced over one million natural gas wells since the 1940 s. Only 2% of these wells created since theRead MoreEssay on Low Health Expectancy1034 Words   |  5 Pagesperson is expected to live in full health. This essay will argue that the main factors which contributes to low health expectancy in developing countries are malnutrition and environmental pollution and the possible solutions to this problem is eradicating poverty, improving health services and education on pollution and other substitutions to cooking with traditional stoves. The first main factor that contributes to low health expectancy in developing countries is malnutrition. According to NHSRead MoreEssay On Environmental Pollution706 Words   |  3 PagesThe environmental pollution history is as old as life itself. At life’s beginning on Earth, man discovered the use of fire and burnt food for cooking food with the emitted smoke from it being the earliest environmental pollutants of this world. First forward to the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century and that was when the Earth experienced the highest rates of environmental pollution. After the machine invention from printing press and later motor vehicles, the pollution menace started enveloping

Similarities Between Mayans And Ancient Cultures - 881 Words

Mayans are probably best known for their prediction of the world’s end in 2012 or their other various predictions of what might take place in today’s culture; some of which have come true some of which have not. The Mayans were certainly a very intelligent and interesting culture. From their belief in multiple gods to their practices of human sacrifice the Mayans took their beliefs and their religion very seriously. Mayan religion revolved around astronomy, nature and rituals. Like many other ancient cultures, the Mayans believed in gods that were symbolized by things like the sun, moon, stars and other natural elements. Religious practices were extremely important to the Mayans. They even went as far as to offer human sacrifices to the gods. Mayan land was divided into segments called polities or city-states. Sometimes the interactions between polities were civil and at other times it was violent. It was during these violent times that polities would capture people fro m other polities. These prisoners were either used as slaves or if they were of a high status they were used for human sacrifice. These human sacrifices were â€Å"deemed necessary to sanctify certain ritual occasions, such as the ascendancy to the throne by a new ruler or the dedication of a new building† (Smith). Basic human sacrifices consisted of public decapitation in the form of a celebration. It was particularly exciting if the ruler of another polity was captured and sacrificed. After the humans wereShow MoreRelatedEssay on Popol Vuh vs. Gilgamesh861 Words   |  4 Pagesmany similarities, themes characters ect. I personally would not call the two texts similar. In my opinion for two texts to be similar they must poses similar general themes that apply to the entire text, not small themes that only apply to portions of the text. In other words I believe that two texts can have similar events, yet have completely different meanings. Popol Vuh and Gilgamesh actually had more similarities than dissimilarities, but it is the significance of those similarities, notRead MoreSimilarities Between Civilizations And Civilizations958 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout history there have been similarities between civilizations, some of which were on separate parts of the world. Many scholars and historians have been baffled by the discoveries of these similarities due to the fact that these cultures were not only hundreds of miles apart but also were separated by hundreds of years. The ancient Egyptian civilization located in northern Africa around 3,100 B.C. is considered to be one of the cradles of civilization and also a major contributor to theRead MoreHistory: Spanish Colonization of the Americas and Spanish Conquest1021 Words   |  5 PagesThe Conquest and Colonization of the Caribbean and Yucatan by European, Resulted in significant cultural, biological environmental changes to both regions Maggie Jim Professor Ancient History [Date] 1. Briefly discuss (but in detail) the similarities/differences between the initial Spanish colonization of the Caribbean and the Yucatan. In your discussion include the initial reaction of the Taino and Maya to the presence of the Spanish and the rationalRead MoreHistory: Spanish Colonization of the Americas and Spanish Conquest1021 Words   |  5 PagesThe Conquest and Colonization of the Caribbean and Yucatan by European, Resulted in significant cultural, biological environmental changes to both regions Maggie Jim Professor Ancient History [Date] 1. Briefly discuss (but in detail) the similarities/differences between the initial Spanish colonization of the Caribbean and the Yucatan. In your discussion include the initial reaction of the Taino and Maya to the presence of the Spanish and the rationalRead MoreSimilarities Of The Mayan Civilization1102 Words   |  5 PagesDespite bearing some minor similarities the difference between Mayan artwork like the Cylindrical vessel with ritual ballgame scene and Pablo Picasso’s Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon are pronounced. The best way to understand the Mayan is to have some historical information about them. The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization from around 2000 BCE to 1500 CE. This civilization developed in areas like Guatemala, Belize, Mexico, Yucatà ¡n Peninsula, western El Salvador and Honduras. Ritual, religionRead MoreHuman Sacrifice And The Gods Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pagesto offer it to the gods.â€Å" The occurrence of human sacrifice can usually be related to the recognition of human blood as the sacred life force†(â€Å"Human Sacrificing†). The thought of human sacrificing may seem inhuman or uncivilized; however, in the ancient times, it was considered a prayer for better times. Human sacrificing was not only a ritual act to earn a god s favor, but also for a greater cause. Usually people would benefit luck, fertility for the land, and to win a war. Although, there’s evidenceRead MoreThe Origins Of The Ancient Civilization1308 Words   |  6 Pag esdisappearing? That is what happened to the Mayans. In a time span of only one hundred years, the whole Maya population was wiped out. There are several theories about the cause of their decline. Due to their disappearance the great Mayan inventions were lost in time until modern day anthropologists discovered that they made their own calendar and language along with many other things. What anthropologists do know for sure is that the Mayans were an ancient Mesoamerican civilization dating back to 250Read MoreThe Ancient Civilization1622 Words   |  7 PagesThe Mayans has always existed through the telling of their ritualistic practices or their calendar, but the fall of such an advanced civilization is perhaps the most intriguing story of all.To understand what causes great civilizations, it is vital to note the process of collapse in other civilizations, such as the great Roman Empire. Differences in time period, geographical landscapes, and other circumstances mean no direct correlations are possible, but the outstanding point of similarity is thatRead MoreThe History of Zero: Indian and Mayan Cultures726 Words   |  3 PagesZero is usually recognized today as being originated in two geographically separated cultures: the Maya and Indian. If zero was a place-holder symbol, then such a zero was present in the Babylonian positional number system before the fi rst recorded occurrence of the Indian zero. If zero was represented by an empty space within a well-defined positional number system, such a zero was present in Chinese mathematics a few centuries before the beginning of the Common Era. The absence of a symbol forRead MoreAztec Calendar Stone Essay examples1599 Words   |  7 PagesObtaining the knowledge that was passed down to them from earlier Mesoamerican cultures, the Aztecs carved the calendar stone in 1479 (Smith 253). At the time, the Aztecs lived in a very civilized world filled with amazing architecture, an impressively complex government system, and they also employed intricate systems of writing and calendric systems (Taube 7). The Calendar Stone was made by basalt stone. For the Aztecs, everything was pictorial in nature around this era. The calendar stone depicted

Ummary Of The Issues In The DHB Industries - 990 Words

Summary of the issues in the DHB Industries, Inc. case study. Background: DHB Industries, Inc. (DHBI) case study concerns an accounting and financial reporting fraud. DHBI made protective body armour for the US military. The former CEO of DHBI, David Brooks (DB), misrepresented DHBIs financial statements, mislead the independent auditors in order to conceal his fraudulent transactions and he misappropriated DHBIs assets and funds for personal expenditures. Main Issues: (1) Weak corporate governance and lack of internal accounting and financial reporting control. DHBIs lack of internal control helped DB to manipulate DHBIs profits. DBs intervention in the preparation of financial reports was beyond the Earning Management. DB†¦show more content†¦His business of making safety vests lacked safety standards and he did all the unethical business practice selfishly. Weak Internal Control From the above example it is clear that Brook controlled DHB solely and without any interference from any one. He had few of the employees as his allies in the wrongdoings. If anyone tried to interfere then they were threatened or were thrown out of the organisation. The Related Party Scheme Brooks also concealed the related party status of Tactical Armor Products (TAP), a company supposedly run independently of DHB by Brooks’ wife but in fact wholly controlled by Brooks. To conceal the scheme and deceive auditors and investors, Brooks created fraudulent multi-million dollar transactions and doctored internal DHB documents. The Accounting Frauds Brooks also engaged in accounting fraud schemes designed to increase the net income and profits that DHB reported in its press releases and filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) by falsely inflating the value of DHB’s existing inventory, adding non-existent inventory to the company’s books and records, and fraudulently reclassifying expenses. Lying to Auditors and Obstruction of Justice Brooks attempted to cover up several of the schemes by obstructing the flow of proper information to the audit process. Brooks and others submitted false reports to auditors and even

Get International Business Law Assignment from Law experts

Question 1 The International business law is concerned with the rights of business with each other and with international organizations. Domestic law is within the state and it concern with the rights of business within the state(Bartone, 2010). The domestic and international business law is very differing in mainly two aspects first of all the law making process and the enforcement. International law is an ever expanding field that controls the internal dealing of the business. Public and private international laws are the two components of the international law. The internal laws have some curious features like legislative, executive and judicial process. These elements find their approximate analogue in the international law(Bingham, 2010). The international law is a component of domestic and municipal legal system. International law participates in the growth of the business organization. Furthermore, it can be conclude that the international law is relevant to the exercise of domestic juri sdiction(DiMatteo, n.d.). Question 2 In the fundamental principles of Islamic commerce riba is prohibited and translated as interest and extra gain from the transaction. This principle highly affects the transactional dynamics of international contracts that is under Islamic law kg nd . In the western countries the bank provided loan to the customers in a condition that they will revert back the money with the appropriate interest. Therefore, the additional transaction is added in these particular transactions in terms of value of money and value of service. These kinds of financial transactions are prohibited as riba in the Islamic law. The payment and received of interest riba is strictly prohibited in Islamic justice. The prohibition of ribs is mainly applicable for the Muslim communities(Ansari, 2007). The word riba is derived from the rabic verb raba that means grow above. The principle prohibition of riba has several applications in the Islamic jurisprudence. In some Muslim countries the application of riba is legal like in the Untied Arab emirates it is legal but in Iran it is illegal. But in the case of banking sectors it is observed that the Iranian bank receives interest from the foreign transaction(Ferrari, 2008). The banks also paid interest; in this case the name of prohibition is changed from interest to profit. However the due to the globalization in the international market the concept of riba is only applicable when one of the parties are included in the Islamic law jurisdiction and the understanding of transactional dynamics of commercial transaction will be a extraordinary tool for the growth of the business in the Islamic countries kg nd , 2010). Question 3 A) In this specific case the shipping contract between the Armada (Singapore) and Gujarat NRE Coke Limited (Gujarat). An arbitration clause is consists in the contract, according to the clause any kind of disputes will be determined by three commercial men who are members of the Institute of Arbitrators in London. Therefore the rmada and Gujarat appointed two parties and these two parties will choose the third. According to the jurisdiction three awards were made by the arbitral tribunal for the consequences of hearings(Fontaine and De Ly, 2009). The first award awards deals with the jurisdiction of the arbitration tribunal and relying on the Arbitration Act 1996(UK Act) and it had a relevant jurisdictions. The tribunal is dismissed due to the Gujarat claim that is the two arbitrators appointed by the rmada is not commercial men. According to the arbitration clause the claim was produced not in time under the UK Act. The second award deals with the identification that Gujarat had bre ached the shipping contract or not and then how the damages will be assessed(Gray, 2012). According to tribunal Gujarat was in breach of the contract and smartly outlined the basis of the calculation damages methods. Finally the third award is about the damages awarded to Armada. After that the Armada commenced proceedings in the Federal court of Australia to enforce the there arbitral awards in Australia. B) There are several basic issues were illustrated in this section, Gujarat registered enforcement regarding all the three awards on the basis of five grounds(Heidemann, 2007). First of all the two arbitrators appointed by the rmada and Gujarat were not commercial men. Then the court decided according to the section 9 of the international Arbitration Act 1974 (Cth) was not applicable because the tribunal was not operating under the arbitration agreement. Therefore, the major basis ground is not available for the both companies. s they are not commercial men so the tribunal composition is not appropriate under the agreement that is required under section 8(5) (e) of the particular Act. Accordingly, the second award is not binding because it is referred to the future damages when the damages are not suffered by the company. The components of future damages made the enforcement of second award contrary to public policy (section 8) and most importantly the contract is regarding the sea c arriage document under the section 11 of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1991 (Cth) so the arbitration clause will not make any affect in this particular context(Janssen and Meyer, 2009). The federal court identified the results in favor of rmadas application established to a level that the three awards that express the binding upon Armada and Gujarat vary in all purpose. Gujarat has to make one of the important grounds indicated in the s 8(5) (e) and (f) because the subsection relied on by the specific party. The few grounds are made by the court first of all are lawyers commercial men it is included in the ground one and two. s because of the two arbitrators are not commercial men then the tribunal composition is not supported by the agreements(Knapp, Crystal and Prince, 1999). While submitting the arguments Gujarat relied on the section 8 of the IIA that outlined the recognition of the awards and in the section 9 that particularly indicates the evidence of awards and arbitration agreements. There the main issue is identified about the arbitrators appoint and the tribunal constitution. The court has the power to determine the cases of jurisdiction for itself and als o not bound to follow any kinds of findings of the arbitrators. The evidence from the correspondence between Gujarat and Armada states that the parties are agreed to appointment of the two arbitrators then Gujarat waives its right objects consequently(Li, 2013). Gujarat does not stop from challenging the appointment. The another important issue that is under the three and four grounds that is the future contractual damages contrary to public policy and it is found that Armada claim for the contractual damage is premature. The proper opportunity is given to the Armada that originates the application to enforce the additional awards after making the judgment. Therefore, the second awards do not deal with the future damages of the particular company. Finally the ground five deals with Carriage of goods by sea Act. In this section the results is identified that the arbitration clause remained valid(Magnus, 2012). Therefore, these are the various principles are relied upon the court on t he basis of five grounds. C) There are various freezing orders are made by the Foster J in May 2012. After that the orders retaining Gujarat from changing, disposing, dealing with the significant value of the shareholders in the capital of Gujarat NRE limited, which will remain a related corporation until further order is provide by the court(Mitchell and Powell, 2011). Foster J also states that Gujarat fails to make a specific case in support of the variation it sought. Another important and critical command is provide by the Foster J that the variation application only faintly pressed at [7 ] . The decision made by the federal court is encouraging among the international parties involved in the business entire Australia. The approach is selected for this particular case is pro-arbitration. This pro-arbitration approach is highly appreciated in Supreme Court. Furthermore, the Federal court made decision in favor of Armada application and three applications also enforce for the arbitration awards in Australia (Monahan, Young and Finlay, 2006). It was a reminder for the contracting parties that Australian courts will go with the arbitration agreements and will enforce awards, which made under the agreements. Question 4 A) Able Ltd has to follow several law issues regarding the sales contact in the US. The CISG can be followed for the law of the contract. Trade regulations, customs and standards must be maintained by the company to make an effective import business to the United States(Parker, 2007). The shipping company must be selected by the company and it is depends upon the several factors the specialization in the shipping of the particular materials but in recent days most of all the ships are available with the different size and shapes of cargoes. For the import of the mining equipments the special arrangement of the cargo is required. The export control is conducted under the military surveillance in the United States. The Export control Act. And the Export administration Act is applicable for importing the mining products(Picken, 2011). It is not a major requirement to analyze the laws and regulation before implementing an excellent business plan. General provision Article 1 a. In this part the international character and need is promoted uniformly in its application that will indicate the better faith in international trade. b. The general principles are enforcing in this particular area for the conformation for the applicable law in this purpose(Rothwell, 2011). Article 2 a. The intention of the partys understate in this area to determine the statements made by these parties. b. According to the provision one party is responsible for the required performance of any kinds of obligation by the other party(Sheehan, Rhoades and Stanley, 2012). The court is not bound to provide a judgment for the specific performance unless a significant law is applicable in order to similar contract of sale not govern by this convention. Article 3 a. The contract may be modified by the mutual agreement of the parties. b. A party can precluded by his performance from asserting such a provision to that particular extent that the another party has relied on that specific contract(Sullivan and Bell, 2009). Final provision Article 4 The Secretary General of the United Nations is assigned as the depository for this particular convention. Article 5 This specific convention will be applicable over this international agreement between the Able Ltd. And the supplier company in the United States. In this provision the parties will have their particular path of doing the business(Vardhan and Bayar, 2014). Article 6 a. In this convention a meeting will be conducted in the United States for the international sale of mining equipment and it will remain open for the signature by all states head quarters within the given deadline by the court. b. According to the constitution different kinds of laws are applicable for the matters dealt with this particular convention(Vrachnas, 2007). The conventions permit several declarations in order to make an effective business by maintain the rules and regulation of the United States. It is evident from the study that different kinds of law are available for the particular state therefore; depending upon the supplier state the law will be relied by the court.Furthermore, the court may declare they do not have any obligation of the buyer and the seller that is Able Ltd. And the US company(Wang and Zhang, 2012). It is possible to include CISG under the US law contract particularly in this specific case where two parties are doing business form the different States. The article 95 for the reservation and power can be applicable for this particular case. CISG applies in the contract of sales of goods and here the mining equipments are supplied to the bler Ltd. and the transaction is performing between the States(Bartone, 2010). The CISG is significant for the taxation and it brings closest relationship to the contracts and its performance. But it also has to keep in mind that CISG is not applicable for the significant parties whom does not aware about the different places of the business. As the contract is starting by governing the laws and regulations of the United States therefore, it can be applicable because due to the presence of the governing body the CISG can easily applicable. It is evident from the study that CISG is a part and parcel of contracting domestic laws between the two Stat es. In conducting international commerce the principles of parties autonomy is provided by the drafters(Bingham, 2010). B) Arbitration is a form of private binding, in which dispute resolution are conducted. With the help of this resolution they are emanates an agreement in between two parties. This type of agreement from the parties are regulated and enforced by the state. In Australia there are so many states have some requirements to make a contract of arbitrate obligation(DiMatteo, n.d.). This contract will provide a limited judicial supervision of arbitral proceedings and some support elements of arbitral awards. Sometimes this law has played an alternative dispute resolution to specify a legal alternative litigation in between two parties or two states. In this disputes both the parties are agreed to submit their respective positions for resolution. In this case parties must be considered about the arbitration contract. However, it is so important to do so where the both parties including their property are engaged in this type of arbitration. The lowers have some steps to place the futures by which they can provide a conclusive decision process towards the top of arbitration contract. This arbitration has some necessary process in which they can determine the contractual process(Ferrari, 2008). They are enforceability of conventions. In this process both the parties are enforcing arbitrating awards among worldwide for court judgement. There are so much little point to obtain a judgement from court by which they cannot enforced against suitable access of arbitration. The most important enforcement convention in Australia was held in the year of 1978. Being Able Ltd is a large importer in Queensland, so the choice of arbitration is formed in favour of this company. Another process is neutrality in which any party has made a valid contract to avoid resolving disputes through local courts of another party. In this type of arbitration the opportunities f or neutral resolution are applied with the help of international rules(Fontaine and De Ly, 2009). This rules are placed in a mutually venue to support the court judgement. There are no such type of wide-ranging arbitration convention are available to provide an enforcement of court judgments. Arbitration makes so many opportunities for dispute resolution in where both parties do not reach to make an agreement in advance. So in this type of agreement a greater risk are available over procedure to lead the delays. Now the choice of arbitration hasmade a change for the parties. Most developer has developed an arbitration laws to fulfil the agreement in between both parties. This law are required for all arbitrators term and condition. The parties to arbitration usually appoint, nominate or at least have some input into the selection of the arbitrator. During the revolution of industrial organization there are so many large companies has opposed this type of policy. Able Ltd can use the ir choice to make agreements with US government. They can also put the selection process to help the agreement system more perfect. Both the parties are usually seeking advice from their lawyers to sustain a suitable arbitrator form(Gray, 2012). The major arbitration rules are combined with so many national laws. These laws are providing some important methods for the appointment of the tribunal. This agreement has made in default agreement in between two parties. So Able Ltd importer has made a full payment to shipment under the US law. c) An international arbitration law is essential for an international mechanism in which Able importer has selected the Queensland law to settle the contract disputes. Now sae arbitration is repeated and there are no fixed rules or procedures are followed to change the international mechanism. With the help of international mechanism a matrix is formed, in which the matrix has affected variation of arbitration(Hopkins, 2009). Being dependent upon this quality and agreementof arbitration a procedure is formed in between the parties. This procedure has followed the terms and condition in between two states to refer a dispute arbitration rejection in many cases about law procedure. The simple agreement in between the two parties has referred some disputes about arbitration law in Queensland. This is a positive rejection from the national courts to produce procedure national law. Both thesefactors are directly controlled through a party autonomy. With the help of this choice all arbitration one party can make his own decision in between the two countries. The effect of party autonomy has achieved a major acceptation in worldwide in favor of dispute arbitration. This type of mechanism is resolving so many disputes from international transactions(Janssen and Meyer, 20 09). With the help of this transactions both the parries have been influenced the development and practices for internal arbitration laws. The right party has right choice to determine all aspects o about an arbitration system. This system is unquestioned in so many cases. With the help of these principle factors both parties are directly influenced to an international arbitration practice and this law has directly influenced the practice of judgmental decision of court. Able Ltd has also established the system to ensure maximum possibility of an enforceability of arbitration awards. The most significant affect has been approached to these awards, practices and policies. In some other cases, these influences are coming from a national law in which they are controlled by the parties(Knapp, Crystal and Prince, 1999).This practice is illustrated through an international award through which individual laws are affected. This project has many individuals completion. Australia is a partic ipant of arbitration law for both the New YorkConventionand Model Law.This is done throughan international arbitration act in between these two states. The enforceability of arbitral awards may be enforced in these factors to retain the utility and success of international commercial arbitration. More specifically, the enforceability from a foreign arbitral has some standard awards in Australia. They are likely a part of international commercial arbitration, in which many resolution mechanisms are coming in form of international commerce and trade(Li, 2013). So the judgement of Queensland arbitration award would recognisea force under the US legal system.

Symbol in 1984 free essay sample

Orwell truly demonstrates his literacy prowess and his mastery of rhetoric in his dystopian novel 1984 through his use of symbolism. There are numerous symbols present throughout the story which serve to expand the narrative. Some of the most effective implementations of symbolism in the novel directly relate to the story’s protagonist, Winston Smith. Orwell uses Winton’s varicose ulcer, the glass paperweight, songs and the rats as representations for Winton’s needs, wants, hopes and fears. Winston Smith lives in a world where individual thoughts and sexual instincts are forbidden. The varicose ulcer appears to symbolize Winston’s need to express his individualism as well as his need to fulfill his sexual desires. Both of these actions relate to Winston’s impulses and therefore it can be said that the varicose ulcer ultimately represents Winston’s needs. This symbol is introduced to us on the very first page of the book, moments prior to Winston’s first decisive act of rebellion: the creation of a diary. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbol in 1984 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After dating the first page however, Winston is struck with a sense of helplessness as he finds himself unable to express himself. At this moment, the varicose ulcer begins to itch unbearably and Winston is overcome by the impulse to express himself and starts scribbling in the diary. This is but one example of a scenario from the book where Winston’s varicose ulcer had begun to trouble him prior to him committing an irrational or impulsive act against the Party. Other examples include: Winston’s second diary entry and his trip to the proletariat bar and Mr.Charrington’s shop. In all of these cases Winston was overcome by the need to act against the Party, whether it was directly or indirectly. The varicose ulcer also relates directly to Winston’s suppressed sexual desires and his need to fulfill them. After he started seeing Julia regularly his wound improved, yet became engorged once they were separated. During his reformation the Party all but eradicated Winston’s individuality as well as his sexual desires. Coincidentally, Winston’s varicose ulcer ceased to be a problem. The varicose ulcer only became problematic when Winston suppressed his needs, regardless of whether it was the need to express his individuality or the need to fulfill his sexual desires. The most obvious symbol in the novel is the glass paperweight, which represents Winston’s desires. The reason for this is due to the fact that Winston considers this item to be a representation of the room above Mr. Charrington’s shop and frequently alludes to this analogy. In the novel he comments that â€Å"the paperweight was the room he was in, and the coral was Julias life and his own, fixed in a sort of eternity at the heart of the crystal. This stems from Winston’s desire to live in a world without the Party with Julia. In accordance with this symbolism, when Winston and Julia are finally arrested by the Thought Police, the paperweight is shattered on the floor. The paperweight also symbolizes Winston’s desire to reconnect with the past, or the â€Å"olden time† as he calls it. In the world of 1984, the Party falsifies the past in order to control its citizens. This tactic is summarized by the Party slogan: â€Å"Who controls the past, controls the future: who controls the present controls the past. For Winston, anything that contradicted or challenged the Party’s assertions was beautiful. In the book he comments to Julia that: â€Å"Its a little chunk of history that theyve forgotten to alter. Its a message from a hundred years ago, if one knew how to read it. † Thus the shattering of the paperweight ultimately represented Winston’s failure to defeat or escape the Party. Several songs are presented to the reader throughout the novel, yet only a few of these are considered to be harmonious and therefore musical. For example, Winston found that the Party’s propaganda music resembled war cries and commented that the Hate Song â€Å"had a savage, barking rhythm which could not exactly be called music, but resembled the beating of a drum. † But when Winston hears this same propaganda music sung by the red-armed prole, he finds the music enchanting and beautiful. Another instance where Winston shows appreciation for music is in the meadow, when listening to the thrush singing in the trees. In both of these cases, the music fills Winston with a sense of hope for the future. This is because Winston associates both of these songs with vitality and resiliency, traits which he believes will ultimately lead the proles to overthrow the Party one day. When listening to the red-armed prole woman from above Mr. Charrington’s shop, Winston theorized that the proles would rebel against the Party one day, and that until then they would â€Å"like birds, [pass] on from body to body the vitality which the Party did not share and could not kill. † Thus it can be said that the songs ultimately represented Winston’s hopes for the future. One of the most important symbols presented to us in the novel are the rats. This is because not only do they play an essential role in the climax of the story, but they are also used for the purpose of foreshadowing by the writer. In the novel, Winston made reference to a reoccurring nightmare he suffered from, where â€Å"something unendurable† waited on the other side of a wall of darkness. Winston acknowledges at this time, in a roundabout fashion, that the rats are what are waited for him on the other side. This is all a foreshadowing of the events that would eventually take place in Room 101, where Winston’s worst fear – the rats – are used to break him. Therefore, the rats are clearly a symbol of Winston’s fears. George Orwell’s employment of literary devices in the novel adds to the narrative and to effectiveness of his underlying message. The world of 1984 is portrayed to us through the eyes of Winston Smith, making him an important character in the novel. The four aforementioned symbols all relate directly to Winston, describing his desires and hopes, as well as his needs and fears. Orwell’s use of symbols serves to further describe the protagonist, which in turn makes the story more appealing and thought-provoking.